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Pollinators

Wind Water Insects Birds. Rodents Bats Self-pollinating. Pollinators. Pollinators. World Crop Pollination 73% Bees - 5% beetles 19% flies - 4% birds 6.5 % bats - 5% wasps 4% butterflies and moths. Source: www.albany.edu/natweb/dispoll.html. Floral Adaptations.

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Pollinators

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  1. Wind Water Insects Birds Rodents Bats Self-pollinating Pollinators

  2. Pollinators • World Crop Pollination • 73% Bees - 5% beetles • 19% flies - 4% birds • 6.5 % bats - 5% wasps • 4% butterflies and moths Source: www.albany.edu/natweb/dispoll.html

  3. Floral Adaptations • Wind Pollination • Small or absent perianth • Color: Green or Brown • No odor or nectar • LOTS of pollen (typical allergy source) • Examples: grass, ragweed, corn, maple, pine D. Hautau Northern Red Oak

  4. Floral Adaptations • Water Pollination • Flower parts waxy • No odor or nectar • Only a little pollen that floats • Example: Eel grass (Vallisneria americana)

  5. Floral Adaptations • Bird Pollination • Flower parts tubular or handing; deep spurs • Color: Red, yellow, orange • Faint odor; lots of hidden nectar • Sticky pollen • Example: Trumpet vine, Fuschia D. Hautau

  6. Floral Adaptations • Bat Pollination • Flower parts short tubes open at night • Color: White, cream, dark red • Musty odor; Tons of nectar and pollen • Mice and other mammals may also pollinate

  7. Floral Adaptations • Beetle Pollination • Flat or bowl shaped flower • Color: drab brown or white • Strong fermenty odor • Lots of pollen (beetle food) • Examples: Skunk Cabbage

  8. Floral Adaptations • Fly Pollination • Sex organs hidden and booby-trapped • Color: red-brown to green or purple • Rotting meat odor • Sticky pollen • Examples: Carrion flower (Stapelia)

  9. Floral Adaptations • Butterfly Pollination • Regular, flat flowers; some with tubes • Color: red, orange, yellow, blue • Weak odor but lots of nectar • Sticky pollen • Example: Milkweed G. Falkenhagen 2003

  10. Floral Adaptations • Moth Pollination • Hanging flower; tubed; opens at night • Color: white or cream • Strongly sweet odor; lots of nectar • Sticky pollen • Examples: Jasmine, Jimsonweed, Evening Primrose G. Falkenhagen 2003

  11. Floral Adaptations • Bee Pollination • Bilateral flowers with landing platform; hairs for gripping and UV nectar guides • Color: white, blue, yellow • Sweet odor & lots of nectar • Lots of pollen

  12. Bee Pollinating Services • 90 Crops in the U.S. rely on bee pollination • Bees usually forage within 500m of hive but can go over 4 miles if needed • Bees average 20-40mg of nectar/load • Pollen Sources – protein for bees • Nectar Sources – carbs for bees

  13. Bee Pollinating Services • Nectar Sources – carbs for bees • Sucrose is preferred sugar or sucrose mix • Abundance and Sugar concentration important • Pear nectar = 10% • Legume nectar = 40%+ • Amount varies by day, time, environment

  14. Bee Pollinating Services • Nectar Sources – carbs for bees • Produced by special glands (nectaries) • Vary in structure and position • Sample Plants • Basswood - Apple - White clover • Alfalfa - Dandelion - Willow • Alsike Clover - Goldenrod - Tulip tree

  15. Bee Pollinating Services • Pollen Sources – protein for bees • Plant Pollen sources • Aster family • Cat-tail • Dandelion • Elm • Rose family

  16. Bee Pollinating Services • Pollen Sources – protein for bees • Primarily collected in spring to feed brood • Hairs on bee’s body stick to pollen then bee ‘combs’ pollen with leg and sticks into basket • Pollen pellets weigh up to 20mg

  17. Bee Pollinating Services D. Hautau Video on Pollination Importance: 9 minutes http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5294323989667289565

  18. Bibliography • Campus Nature Web. University at Albany. 1996. “Fact Sheet: Pollinator Diversity.” www.albany.edu/natweb/dispoll.html • Caron, Dewey M. 1999. Honey Bee Biology and beekeeping. Wicwas Press, LLC. Cp. 20. • Dunne, Niall. 2005. “The Nature of Nectar.” Plants & Gardens News 20:2. www.bbg.org/gar2?topics/essays 2005su_naturenectar.html • Falkenhagen, George. 2003. Alpena Community College. Personal Photos. • Raven, Peter H., et al. 2008. Biology, 8th ed. McGraw Hill Higher Education. New York, N.Y. • Tew, Dr. James E. Accessed 7/26/2007. Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet: HYG-2168-98. “Some Ohio Nectar and Pollen Producing Plants. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2168.html • Other images are personal images of D. Hautau, Alpena Community College, 2007.

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