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Robotherapy: The Use Of Robotics In Psychology; Fundamentals And Clinical Applications

Robotics and Psychology. The word

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Robotherapy: The Use Of Robotics In Psychology; Fundamentals And Clinical Applications

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    1. Robotherapy: The Use Of Robotics In Psychology; Fundamentals And Clinical Applications Daniel DAVID, Ph.D. Professor of Clinical Cognitive Sciences Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA

    2. Robotics and Psychology The word “Robot” can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents “…A robot is an artificial entity, which has some abilities to interact with physical environment and to be given electronic programming to perform actions. Typically, it also has the capacity to learn from the interaction with its environment…”

    3. Robotics and Psychology Robotic psychology The studies of person – robot interactions Compatibility between humans and robots Psychology knowledge (human mind) can influence the development of more efficient robots Cognitive psychology: Human knowledge representation (computational versus neoconexionist), decision making, problem solving, emotions, learning (i.e., implicit versus explicit) etc. Social cognitions: Criticizing artificial agents – more intelligent than prizing ones (Nass et al. 1994) People apply politeness norms to artificial agents (Nass et al., 1999) and genders stereotypes (Lee et al., 2000) People behave in a more helpful way with the agents that helped them (Fogg & Nass, 1997) Female voice - perceived as more supportive Assessment: HIV-related behaviors: Artificial agent – more stigmatized behaviors; human agent: more psychological distress (Newman et al., 2002) Consumer report studies: Humanness of robots is less important in the context of touching; however it is important in the context of (1) communication; (2) living in the same house with the robot; technophobia was stronger when robots appear without a humanlike face (Oyedele et al., 2007) CASA paradigm – Computer Are Social Actors People respond to artificial agents by applying social scripts, ignoring the cues which reveal the asocial nature of the artificial agents Anthropomorphic tendency – human-robot interaction provides cues that trigger social responses (Nass & Moon, 2000) The strongest cues are: (1) words for output; (2) interactivity; (3) filling the roles traditionally filled by humans: (4) meta-cognitions

    4. Robotics and Psychology Robotherapy Robots as therapeutical agents (in psychotherapy) Complex – not necessary more efficient! Robot as “Therapist” or “Assistant Therapist” New field (Robotherapy: July 2010): 3 articles on Web of Science (total citation starting with 2003: 23) 2 articles on Pubmed/Medline 4 articles on PsychInfo More studies relating specific robots (e.g., AIBO, PARO, NeCoRo) Normal population (e.g., children) Severely affected population (e.g., autism, dementia) Quality of life (e.g., well-being, positive affect, communication, interaction, socialization etc.) Simple designs and measures, low N; to establish procedures and working paradigms and measures (e.g., Libin & Libin, 2003; 2004; Libin & Cohen-Mansfiled, 2004)

    5. Fundamental of Psychotherapy Psychological intervention aiming to: Diagnose and Treat psychological disorders and psycho-rehabilitation Prevent psychological disorder Health promotion Human development/optimization Subjective (e.g., emotional self-regulation) Cognitive (e.g., decision making, memory and learning enhancement, rational thinking) Behavioral (e.g., behavioral self-regulation) Psycho-physiological (e.g., physiological) self-regulation) Relaxation Biofeedback Scientific versus Alternative Psychotherapies National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (UK) American Psychological Association (USA) Cochrane Reviews

    6. Human Mind (Albert Ellis)

    7. Robotherapy - Treatment Robots - Therapeutical Mediators The Autism case Difficulties in language/communication, social skills, and imagination; inability to understand others’ intentions, behaviors (e.g., gestures, facial expressions), emotions, and mental states Two paradigms: Virtual environment that fits the “autistic mind” and then aims to gradually improve it to fit the real world (Vigotski – zone of proximal development) Direct social and communicational skills training for real world Aurora project (Autonomous Robotic Platform as a remedial Tool for Children with Autism, since 1998) How robots can become a "toy" that might serve an educational or therapeutic role for children with autism (ESPCR/ Enginerring and Physical Sciences Research Council grant; University of Hertfordshire) Robots versus Non-robotic toys Mobile robots Small humanoid robotic doll Robot dressed in plain clothing Human dressed as a robot Robot with many human features Human in normal clothing Turn-taking; Imitation; Joint-attention; Initiate interactions Low/moderate functioning (children)

    8. Robotherapy – Treatment Robots – Diagnostic tools Psychological test: an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior Pencil-paper psychological tests Difficulties in ecological validity Situational tests Difficulties in standardization and repeated measures Robots can offer a consistent test context that human beings can not offer Autism (Scassellati, 2008)

    9. Roboanimal Assisted Therapy Animal assisted therapy – evidence-based intervention for Stress control and enhancing quality of life and social functioning (Churchill et al., 1999; Nimer & Lundahl, 2007; Souter & Miller, 2007) Children, adults, and older populations (including residents in a long-term care facilities), Real pet/animal therapy limitation Lack of staff resources to care for a pet on a regular basis Allergic reaction of animals among residents, patients, and staff Unpredictable animal behaviors that can affect humans (e.g., biting) Unpredictable human reaction to the animals (e.g., in people with dementia)

    10. Roboanimal Assisted Therapy Robo-pets Usual (e.g., dogs, cats) vs. Unusual pets (e.g., dinosaurs, seals) People’s expectations! People with cognitive impairments and other severe social/behavioral problems (Libin & Libin, 2002) Basic Needs NeCoRo Am. J. Alzheimer Dis. Other Demen. Libin et al. (2004). Robocat (NeCoRo) and dementia (plush cat) – positive similar effects (e.g., decreased agitation, increased positive affect, and interest) AIBO (about 7 empirical studies; MEDLINE) J. Am Med. Dir. Assoc.; Brabks et al., (2008): AIBO versus Real dog: less loneliness in nursing homes Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of the Interaction of People and Animals; Kramer et al., (2009): AIBI vs. Real dog vs. Human; social interaction in people with dementia (better for AIBO) Proceedings of the 3rd ACm/IEEE Conference in Human Robot Interaction;. Stanton et al., (2008): AIBO vs. Kasha (toy dog); AIBO-better: more words, verbal engagement; reciprocal interactions, authentic interactions Behavioral Processes; Kerepesi et al., (2006): AIBO vs. Real Dog: robot has a limited ability to engage in temporarily structured behavioral interactions with human PARO Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine; Wada et al., (2005); Improved positive affect, reduced depressed mood in elderly people from nursing homes (stability over 1 year) PLEO (Data Lab.) Normal people/stress induction situation and Elderly people: PLEO vs. Plush Dinosaurs vs. Control; PLEO: Better

    11. Robotherapy – Treatment Robots – Assistive Agents in Rehabilitation To assist mentally (physically) disabled individuals in performing activities of daily living Autonomy; Self-efficacy; Control Robo-assisted occupational program Choice opportunities for individuals with multiple handicaps (including mental retardation) (Lancioni et al., 1993) Control over the environments – neuropsychological impaired people (McLean, 1988) Matching the robot abilities to provide support (e.g., verbal, auditory, motor, communication stimulation) with individuals language abilities, psychological and physical needs and communicational styles PETS Robot – emotional expression; by programming the robot to express their emotions by sounds and movements - in pediatric rehabilitation (Plaisant et al., 2000) CosmoBot Robot (Lathan et al., 2001) – developmental goals for children with physical, occupational, and speech therapy

    12. Robotherapy – Treatment Virtual therapeutical agents “Eliza effect” in Psychotherapy 1966 Weizenbaum developed the chatterbot ELIZA Eliza acted similar to a rogersian (client-centered) therapy: rephrasing the client answers as questions by using simple pattern recognitions and substitution of key words into standardized questions or comments Although the goal of the program was to explore natural language processing it was surprising that people attributed human-like characteristics to the program “Eliza effect”: anthropomorphic tendency of people to attribute human-like characteristics to embodied computer agents Client-centered therapy: (1) empathy; (2) unconditional acceptance of the client; (3) congruence Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (e.g., Servan-Schreiber, 1987) Well-define tasks Well-define models of disorders Well-defined therapeutical packages Data Lab. Research Expert/therapist – point of view (under review) Modern therapy research: Relationship – 35-40% Techniques – 15-20% Conceptualization (including placebo); meaning making – 15% Personal factors – 30 (e.g., therapist gender, patients education)

    13. Robotherapy – Mind Optimization “Portable Conscience/Rationality” Decision making Normative versus descriptive models Robots assisting humans in implementing normative models Healthy life style coach Autom Robot – the died coach robot Monitoring your meals and exercise Emotional, cognitive and behavioral self-regulation RETMAN (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) Rational “Eliza”

    14. Ethics Should we meet the needs of people (e.g., the need for social interactions) with something that in fact cancel them?

    15. Conclusions and Discussion Robotics and Psychology Robotic Psychology Human-Robot Interaction Educational settings; Work settings; Day by day living/At home; Entertainment; Rehabilitation (e.g., physical exoskeleton) Ethics! Transfer of psychological knowledge to improve robot construction Robotherapy The use of robots in: Psychological treatments/psychotherapy/counseling (including psycho-rehabilitation) mediators; assistive; diagnostic; stress-reduction agent; roboanimals; virtual therapists; Prevention; Health promotion; Human development/optimization (“portable consciences/rationality”) Ethics! Psychology and Technology: Bi-directional Connection Dangers: Robotics – no (human) ecological validity; lack of influence; re-inventing the wheel! Psychology – re-invented in the field in the engineering/robotic field Psychology and Technology Workshop (September 2010) http://www.diaspora-stiintifica.ro Contact: http://www.psytech.ro Email: danieldavid@psychology.ro

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