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The History of Cryptology

The History of Cryptology. Shanna R. Simpson-Singleton Professor Kenneth Shiskowski, Ph.D. Mathematics Department. SUMMERIANS OF MESOPOTAMIA. An ancient civilization (approx. 3000 B.C.E – 1800 B.C.E.) that populated Mesopotamia, an area between the Tigris and Euphrates Valley.

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The History of Cryptology

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  1. The History of Cryptology Shanna R. Simpson-Singleton Professor Kenneth Shiskowski, Ph.D. Mathematics Department

  2. SUMMERIANS OF MESOPOTAMIA • An ancient civilization (approx. 3000 B.C.E – 1800 B.C.E.) that populated Mesopotamia, an area between the Tigris and Euphrates Valley. • They are often referred to as the cradle of civilization. • Credited for the creation of the written language as a form cryptography. • Used the substitution method of cryptography to encrypt cuneiform messages on stone tablets. • Sources: http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Photo from: http://www.livius.org/a/1/mesopotamia/gilgamesh_louvre.JPG

  3. ANCIENT EGYPTIANS • A very religious and ritualistic ancient civilization (3100 B.C.E. – 330 B.C.E,). • Known best for its architecture of temple, monuments, and tombs. • Used the substitution method of cryptology to amuse travelers and created a dramatic affect with ancient religious texts. • Sources: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg and (Pinock, p. 12) Photo from: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg

  4. JULIUS CAESAR • A Roman emperor that is credited for building the Great Roman Empire. • Used the Caesar cipher, an affine transformation cipher, to secretly communicate with his generals. • Sources: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg and (Pinock, p. 12) Photo from: http://www.desitin.dk/images/JuliusCaesar.jpg

  5. BLAISE de VIGENÉRE • A French diplomat and cryptographer (1523-1596). • The Vigenèrecipher is named after him, although it was later discovered that he may not have created this cipher. (maybe Giovan Battista Bellaso created the cipher). • Later created the autokey cipher. • Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigen%C3%A8re Photo from: http://www-ivs.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/bs/lehre/wise0102/progb/vortraege/mzoellner/vigenere.jpg

  6. GILBERT VERNAM • An AT&T Bell Labs engineer (1890-1960). • Credited for creating the stream cipher and the Vernam cipher for telecommunications. Also co-created the one-time pad cipher with Joseph Mauborgne. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Vernam Photo from: http://www.aldebaran.cz/bulletin/2005_14/vernam.jpg

  7. Joeseph Mauborgne • Major General of the US Army (1881-1971). • Co-created the one-time pad cipher with Gilbert Vernam. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mauborgne Photo from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg/180px-Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg

  8. LESTER HILL • Created the Hill Cipher in 1929. • Patented a machine for his cipher which is pictured on the left of this text. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_cipher Photo from: http://www.und.nodak.edu/org/crypto/crypto/.hill4.html

  9. STEPHEN POHLIG • Co-published the exponentiation cipher with Martin Hellman. • It is said that the algorithm was first discovered by Roland Silver, but Pohlig and Martin published their independent research first. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlig-Hellman_algorithm

  10. MARTIN HELLMAN • Previous Stanford professor (born 1945). • Co-created/published the exponentiation cipher, the Knapsack cipher, and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange system. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Hellman Photo from: http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/uploads/pics/Martin-Hellman.jpg

  11. JAMES H. ELLIS • Engineer and Mathematician that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency) (1924-1997). • Co-created what is now known as the public-key cryptosystem with Clifford Cocks and Michael Williamson. • Although these gentlemen created the public-key cryptosystem in addition to many other cryptosystems and key generators first, they were forced to keep the information classified. It was not announced/published until after Ellis died in 1997. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Ellis

  12. CLIFFORD COCKS • Mathematician and cryptographer that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency) (born December 28, 1950). • Co-created the public-key cryptosystem with James H. Ellis and Malcolm Williamson. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Cocks Photo from : http://www.simonsingh.net/images/610.jpg

  13. MALCOLM WILLIAMSON • Mathematician that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency). • Co-created the public-key cryptosystem with James H. Ellis and Clifford Cocks. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Williamson_(cryptographer) Photo from: http://www.livinginternet.com/g/williamson_malcolm1.JPG

  14. RALPH MERKLE • Professor at Georgia Tech. University (born February 2, 1952). • Co-creator of the Knapsack cipher along with Martin Hellman. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Merkle Photo from: http://www.nndb.com/people/410/000028326/ralph-c-merkle.jpg

  15. RONALD RIVEST • Professor at MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology (born 1947) • Co-created the RSA cryptosystem along with Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Rivest Photo from: http://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpg

  16. ADI SHAMIR • Cryptographer and cryptanalyst (born July 6, 1952). • Co-created the RSA cryptosystem along with Ronald Rivest and Leonard Adleman. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamir Photo from: http://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpg

  17. LEONARD ADLEMAN • Professor at the University of Southern California and a theoretical computer scientist (born December 31, 1945). • Co-creator of the RSA cryptosystem along with Ronald Rivest and Adi Shamir. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Adleman Photo from: http://infosecurity.us/images/professor_len_adleman.jpg

  18. MICHAEL RABIN • Professor at Harvard University and Hebrew University (born September 1, 1931). • Creator of the Rabin system and various other cryptosystems. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rabin Photo from: http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/04.26/photos/06-rabin-450.jpg

  19. WHITFIELD DIFFIE • Chief Security Officer and Vice President of Sun Microsystems Laboratories(born June 5, 1944). • Co-creator of the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange System along with Martin Hellman. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie Photo from: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/164/384100611_05768d08a7_o.jpg

  20. JAMES MASSEY • Retired professor (born 1934). • Co-created the Massey-Omura Cryptosystem along with Jim K. Omura. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Massey Photo from: http://www.win.tue.nl/math/eidma/courses/minicourses/massey/Massey1.jpg

  21. JIM K. OMURA • Technology strategist and security advisor. • Co-created the Massey-Omura Cryptosystem along with James Massey. • Source: http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2005bell.html Photo from: http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/about/awards/bios/2005Bell.jpg

  22. TAHER ELGAMAL • Chief technical officer and Co-Chair of the Board of Directors at Securify (born August 18, 1955). • Creator of the Elgamal cryptosystem. • Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taher_Elgamal Photo from: http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/april2006/internet13.jpg

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