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What shall we do with the End-of-Life vessel ?

What shall we do with the End-of-Life vessel ?. John Summerscales Advanced Composites Manufacturing Centre University of Plymouth ... with input from Miggy Singh (UoP SMSE), Ken Wittamore (Triskel Consultants Limited), and Sue Halliwell (NetComposites). Political drivers.

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What shall we do with the End-of-Life vessel ?

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  1. What shall we do withthe End-of-Life vessel ? John Summerscales Advanced Composites Manufacturing Centre University of Plymouth ... with input from Miggy Singh (UoP SMSE), Ken Wittamore (Triskel Consultants Limited), and Sue Halliwell (NetComposites)

  2. Political drivers The European Community aims to be the most “sustainable” federation of countries in the world: • Waste Framework Directive (WFD) • Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) also pressure from the environmental lobby • End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) for cars • Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive • ?? End-of-Life Vessel ??

  3. Commercial drivers • Waste minimisation is a basic management philosophyto achieve a more profitable business • cost savings thro’ improved resource efficiency • compliance reduces litigation costs • risk reduction improves investor confidence • eco-friendly is good for customer relations

  4. End-of-life (EoL) vessel Annette Roux (2007)President of FIN(French boatbuilding federation) andPresident of Groupe Beneteau, said: industry has worked hard on techniques to destroy old fibreglass hulls, instead of owners abandoning them, “but so far we are having difficulty finding any: they are in good condition and sailors continue to use them”

  5. USS Guardian FRP sheathed oak-and-fir wooden hull aground on coral reefSulu Sea (Phillipines) 17-Jan-2013

  6. EuCIA: European Composites Industry Association • Competitive Composites:Sustainability and Recycling Challenges,Brussels, 04 May 2011 • debate report:http://www.eucia.org/files/EuCIA%20Debate%20Report%2004052011.pdf

  7. Size of problem • 95% of boats <24m long are thermoset FRP • will not consider thermoplastic composites here • production of 115 000 tonnes per year in Europe • marine composites = ~7% of total composites market • typically hulls >> cars, so need cutting before crushing • some common issues with civil engineering • reduce size for cost-effective transport to process site • inherently tough, so high energy consumption

  8. Recycling hierarchy • waste reduction > reuse > recovery > disposal • manufacture: lean materials usage • reuse: vessel – components – materials • recover: fibres – pyrolysis etc for feedstock • disposal: scuttle – incinerate – compost if bio-based • landfill as a last resort • beware: toxic compounds in • bilges, engines, lubricants, etc and • anti-fouling coatings

  9. Waste reduction in manufacture • Why buy it, then throw it out ? • analyse what leaves the plant in skips and drains • Why not recycle waste ? • small volumes • only small specialist marketse.g. carbon fibre prepreg > jewellery • no clear economic benefits • Italy: ENA eco-design & LCA criteria ELB FRP waste to secondary raw material

  10. Waste reductionby re-use • Second-hand market, e.g. • HMS Wilton now Essex Yacht Club HQ • HMS Bicester to Greek Navy HS Europa • Every naval architect has his own design • could multiple designs use standard hatch cover • then a strong second hand market might develop Image from Essex Yacht Club homepage

  11. Waste reduction by re-use(repair or component replacement) • Team Phillips and US SSN 711 "San Francisco" Images from http://www.nmmc.co.uk/index.php?page=News_Centre&newsid=18 (left)and http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1026891.stm (centre and right) http://navysite.de/ssn/ssn711_6.jpg (left), http://www.subcommittee.com/cgi-bin/ikonboard.cgi?s=0584a1450d8de1bca4f7443b07a0f89f;act=ST;f=27;t=115;st=20 (centre)and http://www.subcommittee.com/cgi-bin/ikonboard.cgi?s=49d5aa6747d28724559df35b205650a3;act=ST;f=27;t=115;st=10 (right)

  12. Waste reductionby material recovery Four classes: • primary: to materials of equivalent performance • secondary: to materials of inferior performance • tertiary: to chemicals and fuel • quaternary: to energy

  13. Waste reductionby material recovery • Ground GFRP can replace ~15% SMC or BMC • Finland* (state-driven initiative with recycling company) • ~1000 small open craft recycled to date • France* (six competing companies) • ~250 dinghies <6m treated so far • Italy* (Materials Recovery Platform ATECO ID37) Data* from EuCIA report

  14. Wasste reduction by material recovery (solvolysis) • EURECOMP FP7 project (2009-2012) • Solvolysis = sub- or super-critical thermochemical depolymerisation in water (or CO2?) • clean recovered fibres with little residuebut may need sizing agents replaced • liquid fractioncontains e.g. resin monomers and benzoic acid JEC Composites magazine, 2011, (65), 24-25

  15. Waste reduction by materials recovery (CFRP) carbon fibres not degraded during thermal recovery • Recycled Carbon Fibre Limited (was Milled Carbon) www.recycledcarbonfibre.com • TSB CR&D FibreCycle programme (2007-2010) www.fibrecycleproject.org.uk • random CFRP ηo=0.375 Vf=20% Ef=240 GPa Young’s modulus = 18 GPa • woven GRFP ηo=0.5 Vf=50% Ef=72 GPa Young’s modulus = 18 GPa

  16. Waste disposal (recycling?) • France • GPIC energy recovery in cement kilns • costs for grinding and kiln use > landfill • Germany • Zajons Logistik and Holcim AG • 60kt Turbine blades shredded then to cement kilns (~15GJ/tonne) • ash and slag incorporated into cement • Norway • mechanical recycling • energy recovery in cement kilns • pyrolysis • chemical recycling via solvolysis (GjenKomp project)

  17. Waste disposal (incineration) • thermoset resins char rather than burn ? • tales of boatyard blazes with fuel still in GRP tanks • GRP in incineration needs tobe well-mixed with other waste • charge for GRP ~£120-150/tvs £30/t for ordinary wastes Up Helly Aa (not FRP)

  18. If all else fails, then scuttle ? >35 m (100 ft) not disturbed by storms >75 m (250 ft) remain in place & inhabited by fish for 30-40 years may be appropriate for use in coastal defences against sea-level rise recreational diving (e.g. RN frigate HMS Scylla in Whitesand Bay) requires: • cleaning bilges, anti-fouling • attention to anchoring • LCA to justify post-use management • convince stakeholders of positive benefit • beware of scour HMS Scylla Image from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/news_features/images/scylla/scylla_bang180.jpg

  19. Effects of scour • abrasion by pebbles and/or sand leads topolymer micro-particles • particles accumulate toxins from seawater • high toxin levels on particle surfaces • particles ingested by marine animals • microparticles can enter circulatory system of e.g. mussels

  20. If everything else fails, then landfill • UK Waste Classification Scheme • hazardous, non-hazardous or inert • composites classified as non-hazardous, under “biodegradable wastes and other non-special waste” • Costs of landfill rising each year

  21. Life Cycle Assessment To quantify environmental impacts need analysis of Environmental Impact Classification Factors (EICF): BS8905 adds “Land Use” also consider general nuisance of ... dust, noise and odour ?

  22. Conclusions we need to • develop an effective method for reducingend-of-life components to manageable size • consider vessel end-of-life considerationsbefore political solutions are imposed • undertake life cycle assessments to support any claims made for environmental benefit

  23. if more depth required ...

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