Molecules of Life: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids

1. Do Now #14 3/1/18 What makes up living things? What does the prefix –macro mean? Micro? What does the prefix –mono mean? Di? Poly? What does a word ending – ose represent?

2. THE MOLECULES OF LIFE: 4. Nucleic Acids 1. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 2. Proteins

3. Organic Chemistry • Organic compound = compound that contains carbon • Except: • CO2 • CO

4. What is so special about carbon??? • 4 valence electrons . . . • So it can have 4 covalent bonds

5. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms by using single, double and triple bonds. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • Straight chain, branched or rings

6. Terms • Macromolecules: The 4 molecules of life are called macromolecules (large) – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids • Monomer = building blocks • Polymer = large compound made up of smaller monomers

8. Functional groups Hydroxyl Group -OH Carboxyl Group -COOH Carbonyl Group -C=O Amino Group -NH2 They are the non-hydrocarbon part of the molecule They are clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose

9. 1. Carbohydrates! • Contain: C, H, and O • Function: • Source of Energy • Functional groups: • -OH (hydroxyl) • -C=O (carbonyl)

10. 1. Carbohydrates! (continued) • Monomer • = Monosaccharide • (simple sugar) • Polymer = Disaccharides and polysaccharides

11. Monomer:*Monosaccharide • simple sugars • contain C, H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio • Example: 2 1 1 C6H12O6 http://www.insideweightloss.info/blog/diet-tips-%E2%80%93-all-about-sugar/ Glucose Fructose Galactose = fuel for cells = sweetest = milk sugar

13. C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6

14. Isomer= compounds with the SAME chemical formula, but different structural formulas Example: glucose, fructose, and galactose are all isomers of each other . . . C6H12O6

15. Polymer:*Disaccharide • Is a double sugar formed when 2 monosaccharides combine in a dehydration synthesis rxn Maltose Sucrose Lactose = glucose + glucose = glucose + fructose = glucose + galactose

16. Dehydration synthesis = Reaction that links smaller molecules together to make a larger molecule by removing water

17. Hydrolysis = Reaction that breaks apart larger molecules by adding water (Essential Process for digestion) Fructose

18. Polymer:*Polysaccharide • Is a complex molecule made of 3 or more monosaccharides starch glycogen cellulose = sugar storage in plants = sugar storage in animals (in muscles) = structural component to plant cells (cell wall) Fiber!!

20. Do Now # 20 Write the chemical formula for each of the structural formulas shown. What types of compounds are these?

21. 2. Proteins • Contain: C, H, O, and N • Function: • Structural component to living things (helps build muscle mass) • Control cell processes and • reactions (enzymes)

22. 2. Proteins(continued) • Monomer • = amino acid • Polymer = protein (folded polypeptide chain)

23. Monomer: **amino acids • Contains 2 functional groups • -NH2 (amino group) and -COOH (carboxyl group) General amino acid structure • R-group = different for each type of amino acid • There are 20 different amino acids

25. 20 different amino acids: http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna/a/translation/aminoacids.html

26. Polymer: Protein • Amino acids join by a dehydration synthesis rxn to form dipeptides and polypeptides

27. Steps to go from aa to protein

28. Correct folding is critical. If conditions are not right (temp, pH), this process will not take place or can be reversed (denaturation) and proteins cannot function!

29. Do Now #21 What key elements does a protein contain? What about a carbohydrate? 2) What functional group do carbohydrates contain? Proteins? 3) What are the steps to go from an amino acid to a protein? 4) Explain dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

30. Do Now #21 What key elements does a protein contain? What about a carbohydrate? C, H, O, N C, H, O 2) What functional group do proteins contain? Carbohydrates? NH2 and COOH OH, CO 3) What are the steps to go from an amino acid to a protein? Primary – chain of aa Secondary – twist or fold chain Tertiary – fold chain onto itself – globular subunit Quaternary – 2 to 4 subunits together 4) Explain dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. - Smaller combine together by removing water - Larger split apart by adding water

31. Special note on Enzymes • Enzymes are made of proteins. • They help speed up reactions and are UNCHANGED by the reaction. Image from: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~wilsonkg/old/gene2005/syllabus_F03_23.jpg

32. 3. LIPIDs! • Contain: C, H, and O • Function: • Depends on type http://www.red-spirit-energy-healing.com/essential-fats.html

33. 3. Lipids (continued) • Lipids are not typical monomers and polymers

34. 2. Lipids(continued) • Most contain (“monomers”): • Glycerol and • fatty acid

35. Fatty Acids • =long hydrocarbon chain • with carboxyl • group attached

36. Fatty Acids • --Saturated C are full of H • (no double bonds) • --Unsaturated C are NOT full of H • (double bonds)

38. Types of Lipids (“polymers”):

39. Types of Lipids (“polymers”): Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect02.htm

40. Types of Lipids (“polymers”): http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect02.htm

41. 4. Nucleic Acids • Contain: C, H, O, N, P • Function: • Store and transmit info to carry out cell processes and make protein • Transmit genetic info from one generation to the next • Functional groups: • None that we discussed

42. 4. Nucleic Acids (continued) • Monomer • = nucleotide • Sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen base • Polymer = Nucleic acid • 2 types: DNA and RNA Image from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/dna