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Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals

Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals. Chapter 01. Convergence Technology. Describe the various technologies used in the telecommunications industry; Research historical events that have influenced the development of the telecommunications industry. Telecommunication History.

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Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals

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  1. Telecommunications Technology Fundamentals Chapter 01

  2. Convergence Technology Describe the various technologies used in the telecommunications industry; Research historical events that have influenced the development of the telecommunications industry.

  3. Telecommunication History • Samuel Morse granted patent for electrical telegraph – 1837 • Alexander Graham Bell Patented the telephone – 1876 • Formed Bell Telephone - 1877 - local telephone exchanges

  4. TelecommunicationHistory (cont) • AT&T formed in 1885 - connected the local Bell companies • Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patents expire 1893 -1894 Telephone industry open to competition. Over 6,000 companies start in ten years. • AT&T became a regulated monopoly in 1913. Kingsbury Commitment, published in 1914. They connected competing local companies and the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) approved prices and policies.

  5. Telecommunication History(cont) • Federal government nationalizes telecommunications industry for national security reasons. 1918 World War I • Industry returned to private control - August 1919 • AT&T agrees to terms of anti-trust suit – 1982 - forced to give up its 22 local Bell companies. Agreement known as Modification of Final Judgment (MFJ). Seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) were established

  6. Telecommunication History (cont) • EIA/TIA released 568 Commercial Building Wiring Standard - 1991 - AKA structured cabling. • Telecommunications Act of 1996 - First major overhaul of telecommunications law in 62 years. Allows anyone to enter communications business. Allows any communications business to compete in any market Since the seven RBOCs were formed many changes have occurred: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKHg15rgCRA

  7. International Standards Organization International Standards Organization (ISO) • National standards institutes of 157 countries • One member per country • Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland coordinates organization • Created OSI model

  8. Federal Communication Commission Federal Communications Commission (FCC) • Independent United States government agency • Responsible to Congress • Established by the Communications Act of 1934 • Regulates interstate and international radio, television, wire, satellite and cable communications • Covers 50 states, District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions.

  9. International Telecommunication Union Communications standards organization ITU Telecommunication (ITU-T) • Coordinates standards for telecommunications. Predecessor organization of the ComiteConsultatif International Telephonique et Telegraphique (CCITT) ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) • Standards subcommittee relating to radio communication. Predecessor of International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) –

  10. Standards and Regulations

  11. CCITT standards • Group 3: protocol for sending fax documents across telephone lines. • Group 4 : protocol for sending fax documents over ISDN networks. • V.21: standard for full-duplex communication at 300 baud in Japan and Europe. • V.22 : standard for half-duplex communication at 1,200 bps in Japan and Europe • V.22bis : standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data across telephone lines

  12. CCITT standards • V.29: standard for half-duplex modems sending and receiving data across telephone lines • V.32 : standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data across phone lines at 4,800 or 9,600 bps. • V.32: modems automatically adjust their transmission speeds based on the quality of the lines. • V.32bis: The V.32 protocol extended to speeds of 7,200, 12,000, and 14,400 bps.

  13. CCITT standards • V.34 : standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data across phone lines at up to 28,800 bps. • V.34 modems automatically adjust their transmission speeds based on the quality of the lines. • V.42 : error-detection standard for high-speed modems. • V.42bis: data compression protocol that can enable modems to achieve a data transfer rate of 34,000 bps.

  14. CCITT standards • V.90: standard for full-duplex modems sending and receiving data across phone lines at up to 56,600 bps. • X.25: packet-switching protocol for WANs. • X.400: protocol for e-mail. • X.500: An extension to X.400 that defines addressing formats so all e-mail systems can be linked

  15. Trends in Networks Today

  16. Trends in Networks • Move towards digital • Applications abound • Revenue driving competition • Interoperability • FCC authority and broadband • Green IT

  17. Move towards digital • POTS to Packets (plain old Telephone system)) • TDM analog • Packet • Frame Relay • ATM • Carrier Ethernet • Optical • SONET • FCoE - Fiber Channel over Ethernet

  18. Trends in Networks: Influencers • Applications and software development • Terminal manufacturers • Apple • RIM • Motorola • Third party developers • OS, applications • Services to manufacturers, carriers

  19. Revenue Driving Competition • carriers and terminal manufacturers • price competition at the residential level • support to legacy equipment used by carriers • reduced support • absence of support • one position is to posture about innovations • another is to provide CAPEX to build

  20. Interoperability • POTS to Digital Voice • Modem to digital equipment • Bandwidth • Error correction • Security • Wired to wireless applications • Vice versa • What are the drivers?

  21. FCC Authority and Broadband • FCC – Wants common carrier restrictions on ISPs • Net neutrality (very controversial – must follow news) • Regulations FCC wants: Section 201: provide access to other carriers Section 202: no undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage • Section 208: right to file complaints if 201, 202 violated Section 222: privacy restrictions Section 254: transform Universal Service Fund to include broadband to underserved areas

  22. Green IT (research for answers “google it”) • What does it mean to be Green? • Why is it important? • Energy conservation • Data Center energy use is extremely high • Equipment generates lots of heat • Air conditioners (ACs) also generate heat, • BUT the AC’s purpose is to offset the heat computers and other equipment generate it too requires lots of energy • How can WE conserve energy? • How can Companies conserve energy • Can building construction be Green? How? (research for answers “google it”)

  23. Review • Trends in Networks Today • Move towards digital … • Applications … • Revenue driving competition … • Interoperability … • FCC authority and broadband … • Green IT …

  24. Credits Icons: permission from Cisco Systems Chart: Cope Crisson

  25. Questions? Feel free to contact the creator of this material Robert B Wright rwra12140@aol.com

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