Discovering Psychological Principles: Enriching Lives Through the Study of Behavior

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1: Why Study Psychology? Section 2:A Brief History of Psychology Section 3:Psychology as a Profession Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Objectives · Section 1 Why Study Psychology? Describe how, through the study of human and animal behavior, people can discover psychological principles that have the potential to enrich the lives of humans. Chapter Preview 1

4. Chapter Objectives · Section 2 A Brief History of Psychology Discuss the set of questions, theories, methods, and possible answers in psychology that have been passed on, studied, and changed over time. Chapter Preview 2

5. Objectives · Section 3 Psychology as a Profession Summarize how psychologists are trained to observe, analyze, and evaluate behavior patterns, and to apply what they have learned. Chapter Preview 3

6. Chapter Preview-End

8. Main Idea Through the study of human and animal behavior, people can discover psychological principles that have the potential to enrich the lives of humans. Section 1-Main Idea

9. Vocabulary • physiological • cognitive • psychology • hypothesis • theory • basic science • applied science • scientific method Section 1-Key Terms

10. Objectives • Describe the range of topics that are covered in an introductory psychology course. • Cite the goals and scientific basis of psychology. Section 1-Objectives

11. A B C D How can learning about psychology help you? A. You gain a better understanding of your own behavior B.Gives you knowledge about how psychologists study human behavior C.Practical applications for enriching your life D. All of the above Section 1-Polling Question

12. Why Study Psychology? • physiological—physical, needs such as sleep and hunger • cognitive—private, unobservable mental, reasons Section 1

13. A B C D Which category would the digestive system would be considered part of ? A.Physiological B.Cognitive C. Physiological and cognitive D.Neither physiological or cognitive Section 1

14. Gaining Insight into Behavior • Psychology can provide useful insight into one’s self and into the behavior of others. Section 1

15. A B Do you agree that reflecting on your feelings can help with confidence? A.Agree B.Disagree Section 1

16. Acquiring Practical Information • Each chapter introduces material that has practical applications to your life. Section 1

17. A B C D What do you call the systematic way of dispensing rewards and punishments? A.Breakdown B.Shaping C.Memory aids D.Disturbance Section 1

18. Overview of Psychology • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. • Both animals and humans are studied. Section 1

19. Overview of Psychology (cont.) • Psychologists seek to do four things: • Describe—they describe or gather information about the behavior being studied. • Explain—these explanations are also called psychological principles—generally valid ideas about behavior. Section 1

20. Overview of Psychology (cont.) • Propose a hypothesis—an educated guess about some phenomenon. • Form a theory—a complex explanation based on findings from a large number of experimental studies. Section 1

21. Overview of Psychology (cont.) • Predict—by studying descriptive and theoretical accounts of past behavior, they can predict future behaviors. • Influence behavior—Scientists who conduct studies with a long-term goal of finding out more about human or animal behavior are conducting basic science. Section 1

22. Overview of Psychology (cont.) • Scientist who use what we already know about people to benefit others view psychology as an applied science. Section 1

23. A B C D Which is NOT a goal of psychologists? A.Explanation B.Prediction C.Medicate D.Influence Section 1

24. The Scientific Basis of Psychology • Scientist rely on the scientific method—a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized. • Wilhelm Wundt pioneered the scientific method. Test Your Intuitions Section 1

25. The Scientific Basis of Psychology (cont.) • Psychologists reach their conclusions by: • identifying a specific problem or question • formulating a hypothesis • collecting data through observation and experimentation • analyzing the data The Scientific Method Section 1

26. A B C D According to Wundt, what are the two elements of psychology? A.hypothesis and theory B.Sensation and feelings C.Science and data D.Review and revise Section 1

28. Section 1-End

29. Main Idea Psychology involves sets of questions, theories, methods, and possible answers that have been passed on and changed from generation to generation. Section 2-Main Idea

30. Vocabulary • structuralist • introspection • functionalist • psychoanalyst • behaviorist • humanist • cognitivist • psychobiologist Section 2-Key Terms

31. Objectives • Explain important trends in the history of psychology. • Identify various approaches to the study of psychology. Section 2-Objectives

32. A B C D What is phrenology? A.The study of the shape and protuberances of the skull B. The study of the brain C.The study of eyes and nose D. None of the above Section 2-Polling Question

33. The Origins of Psychology • The study of psychology has come a long way since the study of bumps on skulls, or phrenology. • In a time when many natural scientists were studying complex phenomena by reducing them to simpler parts, the science of psychology was also born. Section 2

34. A B C D Which philosopher proposed a link existing between mind and body in the 1700’s? A.Copernicus B.Galileo C.Descartes D.Hilgard Section 2

35. Historical Approaches • Wilhelm Wundt was a structuralist—a scientist who studies the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences. • He developed a method of self observation called introspectionto collect information about the mind. Section 2

36. Historical Approaches (cont.) • Participants reported their thoughts and feelings. • Wundt tried to map out the basic structure of thought processes. Section 2

37. Historical Approaches (cont.) • William James, the “father of psychology,” believed that all activities of the mind serve one major function: to help us survive as a species. • Functionalists study how animals and people adapt to their environments, or the function rather than the structure of consciousness. Section 2

38. Historical Approaches (cont.) • Sir Francis Galton wanted to understand how heredity influences a person’s abilities, character, and behavior. • He believed that genius or eminence is hereditary, but later scientists recognized his theory as flawed. Section 2

39. Historical Approaches (cont.) • Galton also developed tests that the forerunners to current personality and intelligence tests. • He raised the issue of whether behavior is determined by heredity or environment as well. Section 2

40. Historical Approaches (cont.) • A group of German psychologists argued that perception is more than the sum of its parts—it involves a “whole pattern,” or Gestalt. • These scientists studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences. Section 2

41. A B C D The idea of ‘Survival of the Fittest’ would fall under which approach? A.Structuralism B.Functionalism C.Inheritable Traits D.Gestalt Psychology Section 2

42. Contemporary Approaches • Psychoanalytical Psychology—Sigmund Freud was interested in studying the unconscious mind. • A psychoanalyst is a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feelings, and thoughts. Section 2

43. Contemporary Approaches (cont.) • Freud used a method of indirectly studying unconscious processes, known as free association. • He also used dream analysis to study his patients. Section 2

44. Contemporary Approaches (cont.) • Behaviorists are psychologists that analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment. • Ivan Pavlov pioneered this concept and B.F. Skinner introduced the idea of reinforcement (a response to behavior that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated). Section 2

45. Contemporary Approaches (cont.) • Humanists—this type of psychologist believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth. • Cognitivists—this type of psychologist studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how thought processes influence our behavior. Mary Whiton Calkins Section 2

46. Contemporary Approaches (cont.) • Biological Psychology—a psychobiologist studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior. • Sociocultural Psychology—this approach involves studying the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning. Contemporary Approaches to Psychology Section 2

47. A B C D A study of how caffeine affects a person’s memory would fall under which approach? A.Humanistic B.Cognitive C.Sociocultural D.Biological Section 2

48. Section 2-End

49. Main Idea Psychologists are trained to observe, analyze, and evaluate behavior patterns, to develop theories of behavior, and to apply what they have learned to influence behavior. Section 3-Main Idea

50. Vocabulary • psychologist • psychiatry • clinical psychologist • counseling psychologist • developmental psychologist • educational psychologist • community psychologist • industrial/organized psychologist • experimental psychologist Section 3-Key Terms