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Genomes available to study at phytozome/ Arabidopsis Fast plant 3. Sorghum

Genomes available to study at http://www.phytozome.org/ Arabidopsis Fast plant 3. Sorghum 4. Brachypodium distachyon 5. Amaranthus (C4 dicot) 6. Quinoa 7. Kalanchoe 8. Venus fly traps 9. C3 vs C4 Atriplex 10. C3 vs C4 Flaveria 11. C3 vs C4 Panicum

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Genomes available to study at phytozome/ Arabidopsis Fast plant 3. Sorghum

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  1. Genomes available to study at http://www.phytozome.org/ • Arabidopsis • Fast plant • 3. Sorghum • 4. Brachypodiumdistachyon • 5. Amaranthus (C4 dicot) • 6. Quinoa • 7. Kalanchoe • 8. Venus fly traps • 9. C3 vs C4 Atriplex • 10. C3 vs C4 Flaveria • 11. C3 vs C4 Panicum • 12. P. oleraceaC4-CAM • 13. P. afraC3-CAM • 14. M. crystallinumC3-CAM

  2. Genomes available to study at http://www.phytozome.org/ (most can also be searched at www.Gramene.org)

  3. Brachypodium distachyon

  4. Brachypodium distachyon • Flowering • Long-days (20 hours, but not 14) • Most diploid varieties have absolute requirement for vernalization

  5. Brachypodium distachyon • Flowering • Long-days (20 hours, but not 14) • Most diploid varieties have absolute requirement for vernalization • No mention of GA, • CO2 or high T effects!

  6. Brassica rapa (fast plants) • http://www.fastplants.org/resources/kinds_of_plants.php • Flowering time varies widely between different accessions (turnips, chinese cabbage, Pak choi, fast plants) • Long-days • Some varieties require vernalization, others do not!

  7. Brassica rapa (fast plants) • Some varieties require vernalization, others do not! • Select against early flowering in crops to increase yield, low T can trigger early flowering • Have 4 FLC alleles, flowering time & vernalization requirement depends on alleles (& splicing variants)

  8. Brassica rapa (fast plants) • Some varieties require vernalization, others do not! • Select against early flowering in crops to increase yield, low T can trigger early flowering • Have 4 FLC alleles, flowering time & vernalization requirement depends on alleles (& splicing variants) • Lots of work on low T & photoperiod, didn’t find any on CO2 or high T.

  9. Arabidopsis thaliana • Very extensive studies on photoperiod, low and high T on flowering and some on CO2 • High T accelerates flowering • Recently identified a QTL affecting flowering at elevated CO2

  10. Portulaca oleracea • Many studies on effects of temperature and photoperiod on germination • Most omega-3 fatty acids of any plant seed! • http://rareseeds.com/herbs/purslane/purslane-green.html

  11. Transition to Flowering • Adults are competent to flower, but need correct signals • Very complex process! • Can be affected by: • Daylength • T (esp Cold) • Water stress • Nutrition • Hormones • Age

  12. Transition to Flowering Can be affected by nutrition Pi deprivation induces miR399 Travels in phloem to repress PHO2, a neg regulator of Pi uptake miR399 enhances TSF expression Sucrose enhances miR399 expression (also many other genes) miR399 is Temp S!

  13. Water Transport • In leaf water passes to mesophyll, then to air via stomates • Driving force = vapor pressure deficit (VPD) • air dryness • ∆ H2O vapor pressure [H2O(g)] • & saturated H2O vapor pressure • saturated H2O vapor pressure • varies with T, so RH depends on T • VPD is independent of T: says • how fast plants lose H2O at any T

  14. Water Transport • Rate depends on pathway resistances • stomatal resistance

  15. Water Transport • Rate depends on pathway resistances • stomatal resistance • Controlled by opening/closing

  16. Water Transport • Rate depends on pathway resistances • stomatal resistance • boundary layer resistance • Influenced by leaf shape & wind

  17. Light regulation of Plant Development • Plants use light as food and information • Use information to control development

  18. Light regulation of Plant Development • Plants use light as food and information • Use information to control development • germination

  19. Light regulation of Plant Development • Plants use light as food and information • Use information to control development • Germination • Photomorphogenesis vs skotomorphogenesis

  20. Light regulation of Plant Development • Plants use light as food and information • Use information to control development • Germination • Photomorphogenesis vs skotomorphogenesis • Sun/shade & shade avoidance

  21. Light regulation of Plant Development • Germination • Morphogenesis • Sun/shade & shade avoidance • Flowering

  22. Light regulation of Plant Development • Germination • Morphogenesis • Sun/shade & shade avoidance • Flowering • Senescence

  23. Light regulation of growth Plants sense Light quantity

  24. Light regulation of growth Plants sense Light quantity Light quality (colors)

  25. Light regulation of growth Plants sense Light quantity Light quality (colors) Light duration

  26. Light regulation of growth Plants sense Light quantity Light quality (colors) Light duration Direction it comes from

  27. Light regulation of growth • Plants sense • Light quantity • Light quality (colors) • Light duration • Direction it comes from Have photoreceptors that sense specific wavelengths

  28. Light regulation of growth • Early work: • Darwin showed that • phototropism is • controlled by blue light

  29. Light regulation of growth Duration = photoperiodism (Garner and Allard,1920) Maryland Mammoth tobacco flowers in the S but not in N = short-day plant (SDP) Measures night! 30" flashes during night stop flowers LDP plants such as Arabidopsis need long days to flower SDP flower in fall, LDP flower in spring, neutral flower when ready

  30. Light regulation of growth Measures night! 30" flashes during night stop flowers LDP plants such as Arabidopsis need long days to flower SDP flower in fall, LDP flower in spring, neutral flower when ready Next : color matters! Red light works best for flowering

  31. Light regulation of growth Next : color matters! Red light (666 nm)works best for flowering & for germination of many seeds!

  32. Phytochrome Next : color matters! Red light (666 nm)works best for flowering & for germination of many seeds! But, Darwin showed blue works best for phototropism!

  33. Phytochrome Next : color matters! Red light (666 nm)works best for flowering & for germination of many seeds! But, Darwin showed blue works best for phototropism! Different photoreceptor!

  34. Phytochrome But, Darwin showed blue works best for phototropism! Different photoreceptor! Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination

  35. Phytochrome But, Darwin showed blue works best for phototropism! Different photoreceptor! Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination

  36. Phytochrome Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination After alternate R/FR flashes last flash decides outcome

  37. Phytochrome Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination After alternate R/FR flashes last flash decides outcome Seeds don't want to germinate in the shade!

  38. Phytochrome Red light (666 nm) promotes germination Far red light (>700 nm) blocks germination After alternate R/FR color of final flash decides outcome Seeds don't want to germinate in the shade! Pigment is photoreversible

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