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Science Review 2011-12

Science Review 2011-12. Conceptual Physics Chapters 1-8. Scientific Notation. Form #.### x 10 exp #s are all significant figures Exponents Negative for # between 0 & 1 Zero as the exponent for #s 1 to 9.999999999… Positive for # of 10 or higher

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Science Review 2011-12

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  1. Science Review 2011-12 Conceptual Physics Chapters 1-8

  2. Scientific Notation • Form • #.### x 10exp • #s are all significant figures • Exponents • Negative for # between 0 & 1 • Zero as the exponent for #s 1 to 9.999999999… • Positive for # of 10 or higher • Rule of exponents: (10A)(10B) = 10A+B (10A)/ (10B) = 10A-B

  3. Significant Figures • All #s 1–9 • All zeros between # 1-9: 409; 101001 • All zeros after #s 1-9 after the decimal point • 19.00; 0.00050 • Rules: • Product or Quotient has no more S.F. than the least # of S.F. in the problem • Sum or Difference has no more decimal places than the least # decimal places in the problem

  4. SI units • Value, Symbol, & Name • 109 = G = giga- 106 = M = mega- • 103 = k = kilo- 102 = h = hecta- • 10 1 = da = deca- 10-1 = d = deci- • 10-2 = c = centi- 10-3 = m = milli- • 10-6 = m = micro- 10-9 = n = nano- • 10-12 = p = pico-

  5. SI Base Units & Derived Units • Mass (kilogram); Length (meter); Temperature (Kelvin); Time (second); Current (ampere); Luminosity (candella) • Derived units have more than 1 SI base unit • Velocity (m/s); Volume (Liter; cm3); Force (N); Density (kg/cm3); Acceleration (m/s2); Area (m2); Pressure (Pa) …

  6. Scientific Method • Steps • Observation: senses & technology • Form hypothesis: proposed explanation • Gather information: people, publications, Internet • Plan & perform experiment: constants, control, independent variable, & dependent variable • Record & analyze data: statistics, graph, chart, words • Conclude &/ or modify hypothesis • Support or disagree with standing theory

  7. Measurements & Calculations • Quantitative vs. Qualitative: #s vs. words • Precision vs. Accuracy: grouping vs. accepted # Science vs. Technology • Science- answer theoretical questions • Technology- solve practical problems

  8. Mechanical Equilibrium • Force is a push or a pull • Equilibrium Rule: S F = 0 • Sum of all forces equals zero • Static equilibrium – objects at rest • Dynamic equilibrium – objects moving in a straight line at a constant speed

  9. Vector vs. Scalar Quantities • Vector • Magnitude • Direction • Parallelogram Rule • Resultant = diagonal of constructed parallelogram • Hypotenuse = (√2)(a) of square = √c2 of a2+b2=c2 • Scalar • Magnitude only (time, speed, distance, weight …)

  10. Newton’s Laws of Motion • 1st Law = Law of Inertia • What’s stopped stays stopped; what’s moving stays moving. • 2nd Law = Objects accelerate when a net force acts on it; acceleration = D velocity/ time • Unbalanced forces cause acceleration (+ or -) • Mass resists acceleration • 3rd Law = Action forces are equal & opposite to reaction forces.

  11. Newton’s 1st Law of Motion • Inertia- Objects resist change in motion • Force causes changes in motion • Newton is SI unit of force; N = (kg)(9.8 m/s2) • Friction prevents continued motion • Mass is a measure of inertia (Weight is force of gravity) • Objects continue at rest or at a constant speed in a straight line.

  12. Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion • Acceleration produced by a net force is • Directly proportional to magnitude of force • In the same direction as the net force • Inversely proportional to the mass of object • Acceleration = net force/ mass • Force = (mass)(acceleration) • a = N/ kg = (kg m/ s2)/ kg = meter/ second2

  13. Newton’s 3rd Law • Reaction is equal & opposite to action forces • Force and Mass with Acceleration • force/ mass = acceleration • Lighter object accelerate faster with same force. • Lift • Downward thrust of air causes object to rise. • Defined System • Action & reaction forces only cancel each other out if they are in the same system.

  14. Linear Motion • Motion is relative • Object moves if position changes relative to a fixed point • Speed is scalar • Velocity & acceleration: vector quantities • Free Fall • Acceleration = D velocity/ time interval = 9.8 m/s2 • Distance = ½ (9.8 m/s2)(time elapsed)2 = ½ g t2 = d • Terminal speed when air resistance = g • Air resistance force ~ (speed)(frontal area)

  15. Projectile Motion • Described by horizontal & vertical vectors • Are independent of one another • Vertical component = gravitational acceleration • Diagonal=resultant of 2 perpendicular vectors • Components = 2 perpendicular vectors that add up to a given vector • Resolution = process of finding components

  16. Momentum • Momentum = mass x velocity; p = m v • Impulse changes momentum • Impulse = force x time interval; Ft = D(mv) • Bouncing increases momentum. • Conservation of momentum • Elastic collisions: no permanent deformation & no heat generated • Inelastic collisions: real life collisions

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