The Standard Model of Particle Physics

1. The StandardModel of Particle Physics

2. What is the Standard Model of Particle Physics ???? • A theory of three of the four known fundamental interactions and the elementary particles that take part in these interactions. • The 4 fundamental interactions are: • Electromagnetism force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles • Strong Interaction  strongest of interactions that can involve protons and neutrons • Weak Interaction  the weakest of the interactions that is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. • Gravitation  we are most familiar with this; It is the means by which objects with mass attract one another ( not included in this theory)

3. 3. It is not a law yet 4. It is used to explain the existence of all particles that have been observed and the forces that hold atoms together or lead to their decay 5. Particles, according to this theory, are described as force carriers because forces are brought about as a result of an exchange of particles • Particles can be classified according to the types of interactions they have with other particles • This leads to a large variation of subatomic particles

4. Subatomic Particles • Hadron= particle that interacts through the strong nuclear force, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces • Can be subdivided into 2 groups = Baryons & Mesons • Protons + Neutrons = hadrons

5. Lepton= particle that interacts through the electromagnetic, weak , and gravitational forces, but not a strong nuclear force • A leptons mass is less than a proton • ( Lepton Mass < proton) • Made up of : Electrons, positrons, and neutrinos = leptons

6. Positron = particle whose mass is equal to the mass of the electron, and whose positive electric charge is equal in magnitude to the negative charge of the electron Neutrino = neutral particle that has little mass but does possess energy and momentum

7. Baryon– elementary particle that can be transformed into a proton or neutron and mesons and lighter particles (known for its heavy particles) ( one of the groups made out of hadrons) • Mesons - particle of intermediate mass

8. Antiparticles- particle having mass, lifetime, and spin identical to the associated particle, but with an opposite charge and magnetic moment reversed in sign. • They are identified by a bar over the symbol of their particle • Example: An antiproton would be a p with a bar over it which indicates that it is a stable baryon carrying a unit negative charge, but has the same mass as a proton • The antiparticle exists for the neutrino ( they are identical except for their direction of spin) • Antimatter- material made up of atoms that are composed of antiprotons, antineutrons & positrons

9. The Quark • Makes up the particles inside baryons & mesons • It is one of the basic particles and has multiple charges, which causes some of the elementary particles to be built • Names for quark are: strange, top, bottom, up, down, charm • Baryons= 3 quarks & 1 antiquark • Mesons = 1 quark & 1 antiquark • Antiquark = antiparticle of the quark; it has the opposite electric charge, baryon number & strangeness • Qaurk in protons are uud( up up down) • Quark in neutrons are udd( up down down) • When quarks combine to make baryons there charge adds up to zero

10. Test – answers are italicized • Antiparticle has the same spin, lifetime and_______ as the associated particle • matter • shape • protons • mass • Antiparticles are identified by the ______ on top of their symbols • A dot • A bar • A swiggle line • A number 3 • Antimatter is material made up of atoms which are composed of antiprotons, positrons, and ____ • Antineutrons • Leptons • Hadrons • Baryons • Quarks make up the material inside • Protons & neutrons • Baryons & mesons • Neutrons & leptons • Antimatter & hadrons

11. Quarks in protons are ____ • Udd • Ddu • Uud • Dud • Quarks in neutrons are • Ddu • Udu • Ddd • Udd • The antiquark has the opposite electric charge, strangeness, and • Mesons • Number of baryons • Protons • Electrons • Baryons are made up of • 3 quarks & 2 antiquarks • 1 quark & 1 antiquark • 3 quarks & 1 antiquark • 0 quarks & 1 antiquark • Mesons are made up of • 3 quarks & 2 antiquarks • 1 quark & 1 antiquark • 3 quarks & 1 antiquark • 0 quarks & 1 antiquark

12. Baryons are known for their • light particles • heavy particles • wet particles • smooth particles • Which group can be subdivided? • Leptons • Baryons • Mesons • Hadrons • Mesons are particles of intermediate • Shape • Matter • Mass • Oxygen • Positrons are particles whose mass is equal to the mass of the _____ • Neutron • Electron • Proton • Antimatter • A Neutrino possess • Speed & density • Endurance & light • Momentum & energy • Mass & negative charges

13. Which fundamental interaction does the Lepton not partake in? • Strong nuclear force • Gravitational forces • Weak forces • Electromagnetic • A leptons mass is • Greater then a proton • Greater then neutron • Less then a proton • Less then a neutron • Leptons are made up positrons, electrons, and • Hadrons • Baryons • Neutrinos • Protons • Hadrons are made up of • Electrons & neutrons • Protons & neutrons • Electrons & protons • Neutrinos & baryons • True or False : The Standard Model of Particle Physics is a law • False • True

14. Which fundamental interaction does The Standard Model of Particle Physics not interact with • Electromagnetism • Strong interaction • Weak interaction • Gravitational force • Particles are classified according to the types of interactions they have with other • Protons • Mesons • Neutrons • ParticlesTrue or False: Are there subatomic particles within this theory? • False • True • Electromagnetism is • force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles • strongest of interactions that can involve protons and neutrons • the weakest of the interactions that is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. • we are most familiar with this; It is the means by which objects with mass attract one another • gravitational force is • force that causes the interaction between electrically charged particles • strongest of interactions that can involve protons and neutrons • the weakest of the interactions that is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. • we are most familiar with this; It is the means by which objects with mass attract one another • The antiparticle and neutrino are identical except for their • Mass • Protons • Baryons • Direction of spin

15. THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS NICK DELPINO and ALEX CACCOMA

16. INTRODUCTION • After Ernest Rutherford proposed his nuclear model, physicists began to question whether the nucleus had a structure of its own. • There is still no complete answer to this question. • However in the mid 1930s, a simple nuclear model was in place.

17. Nucleons • The components of the nucleus are called nucleons and are described by a number of properties including electric charge. • Nuclear charge is measured by elementary charge(e) rather than the coulomb. • Two principal nucleons are the proton and the neutron.

18. Nuclear symbols • All atomic nuclei and their components nucleons are represented by the same general symbol • The symbol identifies the particle, atomic number, indicates the number of elementary charge present and the mass number.

19. Isotopes • Nuclei that have the same atomic number but have different mass numbers are called isotopes.

20. Classification of subatomic particles part 1 • Hadron: a particle that intersects through the strong nuclear force as well as the electromagnetic, weak and strong gravitational force. • Lepton: a particle that intersects through the electromagnetic, weak gradational forces, but not the strong nuclear force.

21. C.o.s.p part2 • Positron: a particle whose mass is equal to the mass of the electron, and whose positive electric charge is equal in magnitude to the negative charge of the electron • Neutrino: a neutral particle that has little, if any mass, but does not possess both energy and momentum. • Baryon: an elementary particle that can be transformed into a proton or neutron, and some number of mesons and lighter particles.

22. C.o.s.p part 3 • Meson: a particle of intermediate mass • Antiparticle: a particle having mass, lifetime and spin identical to the associated particle, but with charge of opposite sign and magnetic moment reversed in sign. • Antimatter: is material consisting of atoms that are composed of antiprotons, antineutrons and positrons.

23. The Quark • The quark is one of the basic particles • Having charges of −1⁄3or +2⁄3 • Many of the elementary particles may be built up • Name by: up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom

24. The antiquark • The antiparticle of the quark, having an electric charge, baryon number and strangeness opposite in sign to that of the corresponding quark • When quarks combine to form baryons, their charges add algebraically to a total of 0, +1 or -1.

25. End. • Done.

26. Test (open notes) • What are the two principle nucleons? • name 3 parts of a nuclear symbol • What are isotopes? • What are the charges of quarks? • What is the difference between a hadron and a lepton? • What are two names of quarks?