Chapter 51

1. Chapter 51 Behavioral Ecology

2. I. Proximate and Ultimate Behavior • Elements of behavior • Proximate vs. Ultimate • Ethology • Fixed-Action Patterns (FAP) • Sign stimulus • Imprinting • Sensitive period

3. Figure 51-03

4. BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. LE 51-4 PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback. ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.

5. BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother. LE 51-5 PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling. ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.

6. Figure 51-06

7. II. Genetic Component • Directed movement • Kinesis • Taxis • Migration • Animal signals and communication • Chemical • Auditory • Visual

8. LE 51-7a Moist site under leaf Dry open area Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment.

9. LE 51-7b Direction of river current Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction from which most food comes.

10. Figure 51-08

11. LE 51-9 Minnows are widely dispersed in an aquarium before an alarm substance is introduced. Within seconds of the alarm substance being introduced, minnows aggregate near the bottom of the aquarium and reduce their movement.

12. Mating and Parenting • Prarie voles • AVP – arginine-vasopressin

13. Table 51-1

14. III. Environmental Influence • Diet and mate selection • Social learning and aggressive behavior • Learning • Habituation • Spatial learning • Cognitive maps • Associative learning • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning

15. Figure 51-16

16. IV. Behavior and Natural Selection • Variations exist • Natural selection favors behaviors that increase fitness • Foraging • Mating behaviors and mate choice

17. 125 60 LE 51-22 50 100 40  Average number of drops Average number of drops 75 30 Total flight height (number of drops drop height in m) Total flight height 20 Drop height preferred by crows = 5.23 m 50 10 25 0 15 3 5 7 2 Height of drop (m)

18. LE 51-25 Since monogamous species, such as these trumpeter swans, are often monomorphic, males and females are difficult to distinguish using external characteristics only. Among polygynous species, such as elk, the male (left) is often highly ornamented. In polyandrous species, such as these Wilson’s phalaropes, females (top) are generally more ornamented than males.

19. Experimental Groups Control Group Parents not ornamented Females ornamented Males ornamented Both parents ornamented LE 51-28 Results Females reared by ornamented mothers or nonornamented parents showed no preference for either ornamented or nonornamented males. Females reared by ornamented parents or ornamented fathers preferred ornamented males as mates. Males reared by all experimental groups showed no preference for either ornamented or nonornamented female mates.

20. Figure 51-30

21. V. Inclusive fitness • Altruism • Inclusive fitness • Hamilton’s rule and kin selection • Reciprocal altruism

22. Figure 51-37