Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context Tomàs, J.

1. Chapter 1Abnormal Behavior in Historical ContextTomàs, J.

2. Toward a Definition of Abnormal Behavior • Psychological Dysfunction • Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning • Distress or Impairment • Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles • Impairment is set in the context of a person’s background • Atypical or Unexpected Cultural Response • Reaction is outside cultural norms

3. Abnormal Behavior Defined • A Psychological Dysfunction Associated With Distress or Impairment in Functioning That is not a Typical or Culturally Expected Response • Psychological Disorder and Psychological Abnormality are Used Interchangeably • Mental Illness is a Less Preferred Term • Psychopathology is the Scientific Study of Psychological Disorders

4. Scientist-Practitioner andClinical Description of Abnormality • Begins with the Presenting Problem • Description Aims to • Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience • Describe Prevalence and Incidence of Disorders • Describe Onset of Disorders • Acute vs. insidious onset • Describe Course of Disorders • Episodic, time-limited, or chronic course

5. The Past: Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior • Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed • In all cultures • Across all time periods • The Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Varied Widely • Across cultures • Across time periods • Particularly as a function of prevailing paradigms or world views • Three Dominant Traditions Include: Supernatural, Biological, and Psychological

6. The Past: Abnormal Behavior and the Supernatural Tradition • Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery • Mass hysteria (St. Vitus’dance or Tartanism) and the church • Treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries • Movement of the Moon and Stars as a Cause of Deviant Behavior • Paracelsus and lunacy • Both “Outer Force” Views Were Popular During the Middle Ages • Few Believed That Abnormality Was an Illness on Par With Physical Disease

7. The Past: Abnormal Behavior and the Biological Tradition • Hippocrates’: Abnormal Behavior as a Physical Disease • Somatogenesis • Psychogenesis • Galen Extends Hippocrates Work • Humoral theory of mental illness • Treatments remained crude • Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition • Foreshadowed modern views linking abnormality with brain chemical imbalances

8. The Past: The Biological Tradition Comes of Age • General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological Link With Psychosis • Pasteur discovered the cause – A bacterial microorganism • Led to penicillin as a successful treatment • Bolstered the view that mental illness = physical illness and should be treated as such

9. The Past: Consequences of the Biological Tradition • Mental Illness = Physical Illness • The 1930’s: Biological Treatments Were Standard Practice • Insulin shock therapy, ECT, and brain surgery (i.e., lobotomy) • By the 1950’s Several Medications Were Established • Examples include neuroleptics (i.e., reserpine) and major tranquilizers

10. The Past: Abnormal Behavior andthe Psychological Tradition • The Rise of Moral Therapy • The practice of allowing institutionalized patients to be treated as normal as possible and to encourage and reinforce social interaction • Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin • Reasons for the Falling Out of Moral Therapy • Emergence of Competing Alternative Psychological Models • Dorothea Dix

11. Before Freud • Mesmer & hypnosis • Charcot

12. The Past: Abnormal Behavior andthe Psychoanalytic Tradition • Freudian Theory of the Structure and Function of the Mind • The Mind’s Structure • Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional, irrational) • Ego (reality principle; logical and rational) • Superego (moral principles; keeps Id and Ego in balance)

13. Defense Mechanisms: • When the Ego Loses the Battle with the Id and Superego • Displacement & denial • Rationalization & reaction formation • Projection, repression, and sublimation

14. Freudian Stages of Psychosexual Development • Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages • Personality Traits

15. From Psychoanalytic Thought toPsychoanalysis in Therapy • Unearth the Hidden Intrapsychic Conflicts (“The Real Problems”) – Neurotic Anxiety • Techniques Include Free Association and Dream Analysis • Examine Transference and Counter-Transference Issues

16. Later Neo-Freudian Developmentsin Psychoanalytic Thought • Others Developed Concepts Different from Those of Freud • Carl Jung • Collective Unconscious • Masculine vs. Feminine • Introversion vs. Extroversion • Meaning of Life • Alfred Adler • Inferiority • Strive for Superiority • Individual Psychology • The Neo-Freudians Generally De-emphasized the Sexual Core of Freud’s Theory

17. Humanistic Theory and the Psychological Tradition • Carl Rogers • Major Theme • That people are basically good • Humans strive toward self-actualization • Treatment • Therapist conveys empathy and unconditional positive regard

18. The Behavioral Model and the Psychological Tradition • Derived from a Scientific Approach to the Study of Psychopathology • Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and Classical Conditioning • Classical conditioning is a ubiquitous form of learning • Conditioning involves correlation between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli • Conditioning was extended to the acquisition of fear • Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning • Another ubiquitous form of learning • Most voluntary behavior is controlled by the consequences that follow behavior • Both Learning Traditions Greatly Influenced the Development of Behavior Therapy

19. From Behaviorism to Behavior Therapy • Reactionary Movement Against Psychoanalysis and Non-Scientific Approaches • Early Pioneers • Joseph Wolpe – Systematic desensitization • Counterconditioning

20. The Present: The Scientific Method andan Integrative Approach • Psychopathology Is Multiply Determined • One-dimensional Accounts of Psychopathology Are Incomplete • Must Consider Reciprocal Relations Between • Biological, psychological, social, and experiential factors • Defining Abnormal Behavior Is Also Complex, and Multifaceted, and Has Evolved • The Supernatural Tradition Has No Place in a Science of Abnormal Behavior