Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society: The Human ...

1. Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society: The Human Genome Project and Beyond

3. Human Genome Project In 2003 scientists in the Human Genome Project achieved a long-sought goal by obtaining the DNA sequence of the 3.2 billion base pairs (the order of As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) making up the human genome. The DNA sequence spells out the exact instructions needed to maintain and reproduce a living organism � whether it�s a person, a plant, or a paramecium. � Some fascinating insights so far: -�������� The human genome is almost (99.9%) exactly the same in all people. -�������� Only 2% of the human genome contains genes, the part of DNA that encodes recipes for proteins. We don�t know what the remainder does. -�������� We have an estimated 30,000-40,000 genes; the functions remain unknown for more than half of these. -�������� Almost half of all proteins predicted from human genes share similarities with fruit flies and worms, underscoring the unity of life. � -�������� MUCH remains to be learned! In 2003 scientists in the Human Genome Project achieved a long-sought goal by obtaining the DNA sequence of the 3.2 billion base pairs (the order of As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) making up the human genome. The DNA sequence spells out the exact instructions needed to maintain and reproduce a living organism � whether it�s a person, a plant, or a paramecium. � Some fascinating insights so far: -�������� The human genome is almost (99.9%) exactly the same in all people. -�������� Only 2% of the human genome contains genes, the part of DNA that encodes recipes for proteins. We don�t know what the remainder does. -�������� We have an estimated 30,000-40,000 genes; the functions remain unknown for more than half of these. -�������� Almost half of all proteins predicted from human genes share similarities with fruit flies and worms, underscoring the unity of life. � -�������� MUCH remains to be learned!

4. Human Genome Project

10. How does the human genome stack up?

12. Anticipated Benefits of Genome Research

13. Anticipated Benefits of Genome Research-cont.

14. Anticipated Benefits of Genome Research-cont.

15. Anticipated Benefits of Genome Research-cont.

16. Medicine and the New Genetics

17. ELSI: Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues

18. ELSI Issues (cont.)

19. Beyond the HGP: What�s Next? HAP MAP $100 M public-private effort to create the next generation map of the human genome. Goal is to understand the .1% (100-99.9) difference that makes humans different from each other. Human genome is thought to contain 10 million SNPs. Expected to take 3 years to complete. DNA taken from blood samples from researchers in Nigeria, Japan, China, and US (northern, western europe ancestory). Use 200-400 samples in widely distributed geographic regions. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY Explore life at the ultimate level: that of the whole organism instead of individual components such as single genes or proteins. This new �systems biology� approach combines DNA sequences with advanced technologies to study how PROTEINS � the products of genes�carry out all the activities of a living cell. HAP MAP $100 M public-private effort to create the next generation map of the human genome. Goal is to understand the .1% (100-99.9) difference that makes humans different from each other. Human genome is thought to contain 10 million SNPs. Expected to take 3 years to complete. DNA taken from blood samples from researchers in Nigeria, Japan, China, and US (northern, western europe ancestory). Use 200-400 samples in widely distributed geographic regions. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY Explore life at the ultimate level: that of the whole organism instead of individual components such as single genes or proteins. This new �systems biology� approach combines DNA sequences with advanced technologies to study how PROTEINS � the products of genes�carry out all the activities of a living cell.