NAVY EFFORTS TO SUPPORT BIODIESEL USE AT DOD FACILITIES

1. NAVY EFFORTS TO SUPPORT BIODIESEL USE AT DOD FACILITIES Bruce Holden P.E. Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center Code 423, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 Voice: 805-982-6050 Fax: 805-982-1409 bruce.holden@navy.mil

2. Outline • Biodiesel basics. • Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) biodiesel emissions test program. • Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center’s biodiesel production project.

3. WHAT IS BIODIESEL? • A replacement for petroleum diesel fuel. • Derived from recycled and virgin vegetable oils and and animal fats • Nontoxic & biodegradable • Designated Alternative Fuel under EPACT • Registered as a fuel & fuel additive with USEPA • Specification set by ASTM 6751

4. BIODIESEL CHARACTERISTICS • Higher cetane • Better lubricity • Reduces emissions & toxicity • Blends easily with petroleum diesel • Can be run neat or in blends • Minimal infrastructure changes

5. U.S. GOVERNMENT USE OF BIODIESEL U.S. Government B20 Biodiesel Use (gallons): FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 8,989 107,560 477,985 1,104,629 1,892,391 FY02 FY03 FY04 Dept. of Air Force 506,621 600,897 2,890,529 Dept. of Navy 24,256 5,926 167,943 Marine Corps 275,952 709,361 1,030,954

6. BIODIESEL COMPLIANCE ISSUES • Supports Executive Order (EO) 13149, “Greening the Government through Federal Fleet and Transportation Efficiency,”. This EO requires that federal fleets reduce petroleum consumption by 20%. • Supports EO 13148 “Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management”. • Supports Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) program. For every 450 gallons of biodiesel fuel used on vehicles weighing more that 8,500 pounds, one AFV credit is earned. Each credit has a value between $2,500 and $20,000. This represents the addition cost to purchase an AFV.

7. BIODIESEL PARTICULATION MATTER EMISSIONS (EPA REPORT)

8. OBJECTIVES OF BIODIESEL EMISSIONS TEST PROGRAM • Obtain criteria pollutant and HAP emissions data for DoD diesel engines fueled with various biodiesel fuels. • Provide emissions data for DoD facility air emissions modeling efforts.

9. PROJECT PLAN • Test yellow-grease and soybean oil based biodiesel. Results will be compared to ULSD/JP-8. • Evaluate fuel additives. • Focus the Demonstration Plan on obtaining emissions data not currently available in the technical literature. • Test 8 vehicles and 2 portable/stationary engines. • Use EPA-approved duty-cycles and test procedures. • Use emissions test facilities operated by the University of California, Riverside (UCR), U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center, and the DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

10. TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX

11. TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX

12. TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX

13. PROJECT STATUS • Satisfactorily completed all of the testing. • Most of the data for regulated emissions is available. HC and PM speciation results are being processed. • Project report will be issued in January 2006.

14. NREL HEAVY-DUTY LABORATORY

15. UCR MOBILE TEST VAN Connector to exhaust pipe Above: Mobile Trailer Laboratory Left: Trailer laboratory interior, looking forward. Connector at the front captures emissions as the truck pulls the trailer.

16. UCR TEST OF STAKE TRUCK

17. TESTING RESULTS

18. UCR TEST OF HUMVEE

19. TESTING RESULTS

20. ATC TEST OF TOW TUG

21. TESTING RESULTS

22. OBJECTIVES OF NAVY BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROJECT • Optimize the economical production of biodiesel by optimizing the chemical conversion process. • Develop capability to perform ASTM biodiesel testing at Naval Base Ventura County (Port Hueneme). • Develop a standard design for biodiesel production facilities to be located at DoD activities. Design plant to be compatible with any virgin or used vegetable oil starting material. • Form partnership between Navy, National Park Service, Biodiesel Industries, Inc., and County of Ventura to promote biodiesel and other bio-based products. Enter into CRADA with Biodiesel Industries to optimize the production process.

23. PRODUCING BIODIESEL • Esterfication to produce biodiesel fuel: Methanol + Vegetable Oil = Glycerol + Biodiesel Base 3CH3OH + R3 -(C6H5O6)(C3H8O3) + 3R- (COOCH3) All of the reaction products can be sold/used • Biodiesel is used as fuel • Glycerol is sold as soap, cosmetics, etc. • Wash water to remove acids/base from product can be used as gray water for irrigation. • Biodiesel production processes typically use a batch reactor. The process runs at near ambient temperature and pressure.

24. PORT HUENEME BIODIESEL INDUSTRIES BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FACILITY

25. The first step is to find the optimal catalyst concentration. Reaction parameters: 100 mL crude cottonseed oil 25 mL methanol X g catalyst (= NaOH) Reaction Container: 250 mL round bottom flask 1” magnetic stir bar Stir at speed where a definite vortex appears, to ensure good mixing (CSTR). Run reaction for 90 minutes at 60oC (Isothermal). BIODIESEL KINETICS STUDY Heater with T Controller Condenser Thermometer 250 mL RB Flask Oil Bath

26. The biodiesel portion of product mixture is prepared for GC analysis. The GC looks for mass% of free and bound glycerin, monoG, diG, and triG. (“G” = glycerides) If the produced biodiesel fails to meet the specs, try running the reaction at different concentration of NaOH. Repeat until the specs are met. BIODIESEL KINETICS STUDY (Gas Chromatography) Samples GC Instrument (Data) Gas Tanks Computer (Analysis)

27. BIODIESEL INDUSTRIES COMMERCIAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FACILITY

28. OUTSTANDING ISSUES • The YGA test fuel was late in being producedfailed NFESC: Project management, provide fuels and fuel testing, participate in field testing. (Bruce Holden) • UC Riverside (UCR): Assist with DEM/VAL plan and conduct testing. (Dr. Wayne Miller)