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2. World War II- • Years 1939-1945 • Allies- France, Great Britain, United States, Russia • Axis Powers- Germany, Japan, Italy • Holocaust- 6 Million Jews killed • 14th Amendment- Equal Protection Amendment • Four principles were asserted in the text of the 14th amendment. They were: • State and federal citizenship for all persons regardless of race both born or naturalized in the United States was reaffirmed. • No state would be allowed to abridge the "privileges and immunities" of citizens. • No person was allowed to be deprived of life, liberty , or property without "due process of law." • No person could be denied "equal protection of the laws."

3. Automobiles- • Henry Ford • Created thousand of new jobs in • Rubber industry • Road Construction • Oil and gas industry • Allowed movement to the suburbs. • Bill of Rights • First ten amendments to the constitution • Protect the individual freedoms set up in the Declaration. Life ,Liberty and Pursuit of happiness.

4. Clarence Darrow • Defense attorney for John T. Scopes (Monkey Trial) • FDR- Franklin Delano Roosevelt- • Only President to serve more than 8 years • Elected to four terms • Died during the fourth term • President during the Great Depression • Passed many New Deal legislation acts • Free Enterprise Economy- • A Market economy is an economy in which decisions regarding investment, production and distribution are based on supply and demand, and prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system.

5. Joseph McCarthy • Anti-Communist senator • Accused government officials of communist agenda • Martin Luther King Jr. • Civil rights leader from the 1960’s • Practiced non violent rebellion • Assassinated April 4, 1968 • Persian Gulf War • Code Name- Desert Storm • U.S. led coalition war against Saddam Hussein's Iraq. • First started over the annexation of Kuwait

6. Plessy vs. Ferguson- • 1896 court case that upheld separate but equal. • 7 to 1 vote an stayed in place until Brown v Board of Education. • Original case was over a white only railroad car. • Plessy was 7/8 White • Tuskegee Airman • Group of African-American pilots who fought in WWII • First group of non-white pilots in the U.S. military • Upton Sinclair • Wrote the “Jungle” • Exposed the horrible conditions of the meat packing industry in the United States.

7. William Jennings Bryan • Prosecutor in the Scopes Trial • Ran for President as Democratic nominee 3 times 1896, 1900, and 1908 • Campaigned for Prohibition • Truman Plan • President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology • Checks and Balances • System set up to insure no branch of government is more powerful then any other • Veto- Executive branch • Override veto- Legislative branch • Declare law unconstitutional- Judicial branch

8. Bataan Death March • Forced 80 mile march of prisoners by the Japanese Army in the Philippines following the Battle of Bataan. • All told estimates are 2,500 to 10,00 Phillipinos and 250-600 American soldiers died along the march. • Watergate • Occurred during Richard Nixon’s presidency • Forced his resignation • Was the name of hotel • Was all about illegal wire tapping. • Kevlar • Develop in 1966 by Stephanie Kwolek • 5 times stronger than steel • Used in a variety of ways most notable bullet proof vests • Also underwater cables, brake linings, space vehicles, boats parachutes, skis, and building materials.

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10. 15th Amendment • Reconstruction Amendment • Known as Universal Male Suffrage • Gave all men the right to vote • Civil Rights • Are a class of rights that protect individual freedom • Protection from discrimination • Most notable in the U.S. was African American civil rights movement circa 1954-1968 • Douglas MacArthur • American General led the entire Army in the Pacific • Oversaw the Japanese occupation from 1945-1951 • Led the United Nations command in Korean War • Removed by Truman.

11. Dwight Eisenhower • Commander of the Allied forces that landed in North Africa, Sicily, Italy and was the Supreme Commander of the troops that invaded France on D-Day during World War II. In 1952 and 1956 he was elected President of the United States and was responsible for establishing the Interstate Highway System. • George Patton • Graduate of West Point who served under General Pershing. In 1917 he became the first member of the newly established U.S. Tank Corps, where he would win fame. In WWII he was with the allied forces during the invasion of North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. Often controversial for his definite opinions he was part of the fake plan that led Hitler to think the Allied forces would be attacking at Pas de Calais, France instead of the Normandy Landing (D-Day). • John J Pershing • Won his appointment to West Point. His early military career included the Indian Wars, fighting in Cuba during the Spanish American War, and the Philippines in 1903. As commander of the African American Regiment, 10th Cavalry he was given the nick name "Black Jack". Pershing was named the Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces in WWI. His troops were instrumental in the defeat of the Germans at the battle of Argonne Forest.

12. Korean War • Pitted communist North Korea vs. Democratic South Korea. • Communist China supported the North and the United States as a part of the United Nations supported the South. • Began in 1950 and lasted until the cease fire in 1953. • No Peace Treaty has been signed. • Korea is still divided at the 38th parallel. • Machine Guns • Predecessor was the Gatling Gun (1862) • Allowed one man to hold a position alone. • Newest designs could fire 1.62 million rounds per minute • Malcolm X • Civil rights leader and member of Nation of Islam • Promoted violence while a member of the Nation of Islam • Denounced the Nation of Islam and was assassinated in 1965

13. Operation Iraqi Freedom • Began in Feb 2003 and last until Dec 2011 • Removed Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq • Number of deaths as of Jan 2014 in Iraq 4,476 • Wounded 32,237 • Renamed Operation New Dawn in Aug 2010 • Operation Enduring Freedom is code name for war in Afghanistan • Richard Nixon • 37th President of the United States • Only President to resign • Removed the United States from Vietnam • Space Race • Began during the cold war • Soviet Union launched Sputnik I in October 1957 • U.S. was playing catch up • 1958 President Eisenhower signed an order creating NASA • U.S. first to reach the moon in July 1969 basically ended the Space Race.

14. Theodore Roosevelt • first gained national attention when he commanded the volunteer cavalry unit known as the "Rough Riders" in the Spanish-American War. After that he was elected Governor of New York. Serving as President McKinley's Vice President led him to the presidency after McKinley was assassinated. As president he took whatever action he felt was necessary for the public good. An example of this was his "trust-busting" efforts with regards to the railroads and other large trusts. • W.E.B. Dubois • First African-American to receive a Ph.D from Harvard who believed that African-Americans should work hard for economic gain and the respect of whites. In 1903 he published his book "The Souls of Black Folks" and helped create what has evolved into the NAACP. • OPEC • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries • Founding members are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela • Currently has 12 member countries • Was et up to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers

15. Espionage • Or spying that involves an individual or government obtaining information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder. • Executive • Branch of the government which includes the President • Is charged with signing the bill into law thus this branch creates the law • Holds the power to appoint federal positions such as judges and cabinet members. • Has the power to veto legislation • U.S.S.R. • Union of Soviet Socialist Republic • USSR - a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991 • Main opponent of the United States in the Cold War

16. Assimilation- • Cultural assimilation is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group. • Bay of Pigs • April 17, 1961 • The Bay of Pigs invasion begins when a CIA-financed and -trained group of Cuban refugees lands in Cuba and attempts to topple the communist government of Fidel Castro. The attack was an utter failure • Sparks the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

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18. 18th Amendment- • The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol (i.e. the beginning of Prohibition). It was ratified on January 16, 1919 and repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. In the over 200 years of the U.S. Constitution, the 18th Amendment remains the only Amendment to ever have been repealed. Here is the complete text of the 18th Amendment. • Afghanistan • Operation Enduring Freedom(OEF) • Fought to rid Afghanistan of Taliban rule • Began in 2001 and is still ongoing. • Atomic Bombs • First and only nuclear weapons to be deployed were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan in WWII • Manhaatan Project was the develop of the bombs • Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 • Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. • Japan surrendered August 15 • Initial death tolls 60,000-80,000 in Nagasaki. 90,000 to 166,000 in Hiroshima.

19. Computers • First computers were used in late 1939 • Used to be housed in entire buildings • Greatly advanced with the development of the microchip • Conscription (draft) • Required the enrollment of every male • First Conscription act in the U.S. was during the Civil War • Today all males must sign up for Selective Service at the age of 18. • ERA • The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women.

20. FHA • The Federal Housing Administration, generally known as "FHA", provides mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA-approved lenders throughout the United States and its territories. • Eminent Domain • Federal, state, and local governments may take private property through their power of eminent domain or may regulate it by exercising their Police Power. The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution requires the government to provide just compensation to the owner of the private property to be taken. A variety of property rights are subject to eminent domain, such as air, water, and land rights. The government takes private property through condemnation proceedings. Throughout these proceedings, the property owner has the right of due process. • Prohibition • Another term for the 18th Amendment which prohibited Alcohol • Led by members of the Temperance movement • Recall- • A method of election in which voters can remove and elected official before their term is completed.

21. Scopes Trial- • State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes • Monkey Trial • Scopes broke the Tennessee law forbidding the teaching of Evolution in Public Schools. (Butler Act) • Found Guilty issued a $100 fine • Selective Service Act • First Act passed in 1917 ages 21-31 had to register • Today all males in U.S. 18 years old must sign up • Tanks • First widely used in WWII • Made trench warfare of WWI obsolete

22. Vietnam • Part of the Cold War • Lasted from 1956 to 1975 • North Vietnam-communist supported by U.S.S.R. and China • South Vietnam- Democratic supported by the U.S. and other non communist allies • Regular troops were deployed in 1965 • First true backlash against war in the United States • Gilded Age • The period in the United States referring to the last 3 decades of the 19th century. (1870-1900) • Rapid economic growth and immigration • Internment Camps • A prison camp for the confinement of enemy aliens, P.O.W. and political prisoners. • The United States government used internment camps on people of Japanese decent in WWII. • 62% of those interned were American citizens. • Were not allowed on the west coast of the U.S. unless in the camps

23. Legislative • Branch of the government made up of the two houses of congress. (Senate and House of Representatives. • responsible for writing the laws • Can override an Executive veto • Homestead Act • Grants of 160 acres to anyone who had not taken up arms against the United States. • Live on it for 5 years, build a home, make improvements and farm it. • Could file on it for $18 dollars • Transcontinental Railroad • Completed in 1869 in Utah. Connected Eastern Railroads to California’s rail system. • Made travel and delivery of goods and mail much faster • Did take land away from the Native Americans • Susan B. Anthony • was a leader of the women's suffrage movement. • helped found the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. • convinced congressional supporters to introduce a Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. • This amendment, however, did not become the law until 14 years after her death.

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25. 19th Amendment- • Women’s Suffrage (Right to vote)- • 1920 • Booker T. Washington • A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. Cold War • Counter Culture • Group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns • Many protested the Vietnam War

26. Great Depression • Triggered by stock market crash in October of 1929 • Many people lost life savings • Continued throughout the 1930’s. • Iranian Hostage Crisis • Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of Iranian students, belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who were supporting the Iranian Revolution took over the US Embassy in Tehran. • Jim Crow Laws • The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation laws enacted between 1876 and 1965 in the United States at the state and local level. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.

27. Jonas Salk • Salk was an American biologist and physician best known for the research and development of a killed-virus polio vaccine. • Literacy Tests • Making someone pass a test in order to vote. Used to keep poor and African Americans from voting • Nuclear Weapons • Main weapon of Cold War • Can be Plutonium or Uranium enriched • Desired by many countries as a bargaing chip against the United States

28. Reynolds v Sims • Reynolds v. Sims, (1964) was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that state legislature districts had to be roughly equal in population. • Sputnik I • First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. • Television • Has become the means of communication for millions • Used by politician to convey information and sway the public sentiment • Television advertising has become a multi billion dollar industry • What you look like became as important as what you had to say.

29. Populist Movement • political party of the late 1800s that primarily represented farmers and working-class Americans, sought inflationary economic policies to increase farm income • Nativism • Movement against immigration into the United States • Judicial • Branch of the government headed by the Supreme Court • They have the job of interpreting the laws • Can declare a law unconstitutional

30. Zimmerman Telegram • German message sent to Mexico to encourage them to attack the United States during WWI in exchange for receiving back land such as Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. • Intercepted by the British and sent to the United States • Monopoly • Lack of competition in any field can lead to a monopoly • Sometimes also known as a trust • Theodore Roosevelt tried to break up Monopolies with Anti-Trust laws.