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Duration and Yield Changes

Duration and Yield Changes. Duration provides a linear approximation of the price change associated with a change in yield. The duration of an asset will change depending upon the original yield used in its calculation.

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Duration and Yield Changes

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  1. Duration and Yield Changes • Duration provides a linear approximation of the price change associated with a change in yield. • The duration of an asset will change depending upon the original yield used in its calculation. • As the yield decreases, the price change associated with a change in yield increases. • Likewise duration will increase as the yield of an option free bond decreases. This is illustrated as a steeper line approximately tangent to the price yield relationship.

  2. Convexity • The approximation was further from the actual price change the larger the yield change due to the shape of the price yield relationship. • It is useful to attempt to measure the error present in the linear duration approximation of the convex price yield relationship.

  3. Approximating the price change • Duration provides a linear approximation of the price change, a better approximation would be to use a Taylor series expansion of the relationship.

  4. Modified Duration • Previously we showed that modified duration can be estimated by: • Modified duration can be interpreted as the approximate percentage change in price for a 100 basis point change in yield

  5. Dollar Duration • The dollar duration represents the dollar change in price for a change in yield, it can be found by multiplying modified duration (which is an approximation for the % change in price) by the original price.

  6. Measuring Convexity • The first term in the Taylor expansion is then simply the dollar duration • The second term includes the second derivative of the price equation, which is referred to as the dollar convexity measure.

  7. Convexity Mathematics

  8. Dollar Convexity Measure • The second derivative of the price equation is referred to as the dollar convexity measure • The Convexity Measure and is simply the dollar convexity measure divided by price

  9. Approximating the change in price • Previously we showed that we could approximate a price change using a Taylor expansion. • Dividing both sides by Price produces an approximation of the percentage change in price

  10. The percentage change in price • Starting with the Taylor expansion divided by price And substituting from our previous results • We can approximate the price change as

  11. Duration Example • 10% 30 year coupon bond, current rates =12%, semi annual payments

  12. Example continued • Since the bond makes semi annual coupon payments, the duration of 17.389455 periods must be divided by 2 to find the number of years. • 17.389455 / 2 = 8.6947277 years

  13. Approximating the percentage price change • The Taylor series combined two components, the duration estimation and the convexity measure. • The first term in the approximation is equal to the modified duration multiplied by the change in yield. • Lets assume a 200 basis point change in yield • Modified duration would equal -8.6947/1.06 = -8.2025733

  14. Approximating the change in yield continued • The percentage change in price from duration for a 200 BP increase in yield would then be -8.2025733(.02) = -.164 • The convexity measure is 124.56 and the percentage change in price from convexity is then (0.5)124.56(.02)2 = .0249

  15. Approximating % change in Price continued • The approximate percentage change in price associated with a 200 Bp increase in yield is then the sum of the duration and convexity approximations Approximate % change = -.164 +.0249 =-.13914 • The actual price would be $719.2164 which would be a percentage change of (719.2164-838.3857)/838.3857 = -.14214

  16. Approximating the change in yield continued • The percentage change in price from duration for a 200 BP increase in yield would then be -8.2025733(-.02) = .164 • The convexity measure is 124.56 and the percentage change in price from convexity is then (0.5)124.56(.02)2 = .0249

  17. Approximating % change in Price continued • The approximate percentage change in price associated with a 200 Bp decrease in yield is then the sum of the duration and convexity approximations Approximate % change = .164 +.0249 =18.896 • The actual price would be $1,000 which would be a percentage change of (1,000-838.3857)/838.3857 = .1927

  18. Convexity Adjustment • In both cases the approximation using convexity is much closer to the actual price change than the approximation using only duration.

  19. Convexity Intuition • Unlike the interpretation of modified duration, there is not a straightforward intuitive explanation of convexity. • Be careful, measures of convexity are often referred to as just convexity which is incorrect, convexity is the shape of the price – yield relationship.

  20. Value of Convexity • In comparing two bonds with the same duration, the same yield, and selling a the same price the one that is more convex will have a higher price if yield changes. • This implies that the capital loss associated with an increasing yield will be less for the more convex bond and the capital gain associated with a decrease in yield will be greater. • Generally the greater convexity, the lower the yield since the price risk is less.

  21. Properties of Convexity on option free bonds • As the required return increases the convexity decreases (positive convexity). This implies that the change in the change in price is always in the favor of the bond holder. • For a given yield and maturity, the lower the coupon the greater the convexity. • For a given yield and modified duration, the lower the coupon the lower the convexity.

  22. Approximating Convexity • The procedure used so far is lengthy and can be approximated similar to the approximation of duration.

  23. Approximate Convexity Measure • Let P0 be the original price and P- be the price following a small decrease in yield. and P+ be the price following a small increase in yield. The convexity measure can be approximated by

  24. Empirical example • Using our numbers from before, a 200 Bp increase in yield caused the price of the 30 year 10% coupon bond to be 719.2164, a 200 Bp decrease in yield moved the price to 1,000. Convexity would then be: • Our earlier estimation was 124.56.

  25. Convexity and software • The calculation of convexity varies when using software. • Often the convexity measure is already divided by 2. In our example before we divided it by 2 when calculating the % price change. • Other times it is scaled to account for the par value. • The key is knowing how it is calculated when making the adjustment to the duration estimation.

  26. Effective Convexity • Similar to the duration estimate, the original measure of convexity assumes that the cash flows do not change when the yield changes. • Effective convexity includes an adjustment from the change in cash flows associated change in interest rates. For bonds with embedded options the difference between effective convexity and out measure of convexity can be large.

  27. Bonds with call and put options • So far we have assumed that the bond is option free. • If the bond has embedded options it can change the shape of the price-yield relationship.

  28. Call Options • With a call option, as yield declines it is more likely that the bond will be called. • The value of the bond if called is less than than if it isn’t. • As the yield declines the bond may exhibit negative convexity – the increase in price associated with successive decreases in yield will be less (not greater as in the case of positive convexity).

  29. Put options • With a put option, as the yield increases the likelihood of the option being exercised increases. • Since this adds value to the bond, the price yield relationship will become more convex as yield increases compared to an option free bond with the same characteristics.

  30. Interest Rates • So far we have assumed that interest rates behave the same in relation to all bonds. • However because of the term structure of interest rates, and other factors impacting the risk premium, the interest rate volatility of bonds differs • To understand how this impacts the bond valuation process and price – yield relationship we need to expand our understanding of interest rates.

  31. Theoretical Spot Rate • The theoretical spot rate is the rate that represents the return earned on a zero coupon instrument. • In other words it attempts to eliminate many of the other sources of risk other than maturity. • The most common approach it to attempt to also eliminate the impact of default risk, so we will want to construct a spot rate curve for US Treasuries.

  32. Theoretical Spot Rate Curves Two main issues • Given a series of Treasury securities, how do you construct the yield curve? • Linear Extrapolation • Bootstrapping • Other • What Treasuries should be used to construct it? • On the run Treasuries • On the run Treasuries and selected off the run Treasuries • All Treasury Coupon Securities and Bills • Treasury Coupon Strips

  33. Observed Yields • For on-the-run treasury securities you can observe the current yield. • For the coupon bearing bonds the yield used reflects the yield that would make it trade at par. The resulting on the run curve is the par coupon curve. • However, you may have missing maturities for the on the run issues. Then you will need to estimate the missing maturities.

  34. Maturity Yield 1 mo 1.7 3 mo 1.69 6 mo 1.67 1 yr 1.74 5 yr 3.22 10 yr 4.14 20 yr 5.06 The yield for each of the semiannual periods between 1 yr and 5 yr would be found from extrapolation. Example

  35. 5 yr yield = 3.22% 1 yr yield = 1.74% 8 semi annual periods

  36. Bootstrapping • To avoid the missing maturities it is possible to estimate the zero spot rate from the current yields, and prices using bootstrapping. • Bootstrapping successively calculates the next zero coupon from those already calculated.

  37. Treasury Bills vs. Notes and Bonds • Treasury bills are issued for maturities of one year or less. They are pure discount instruments (there is no coupon payment). • Everything over two years is issued as a coupon bond.

  38. Bootstrapping example • Assume we have the following on the run treasury bills and bonds: • Assume that all coupon bearing bonds (greater than 1 year) are selling at par (constructing a par value yield curve) Maturity YTM Maturity YTM 0.5 4% 2.5 5.0% 1.0 4.2% 3.0 5.2% 1.5 4.45% 3.5 5.4% 2.0 4.75% 4.0 5.55%

  39. Bootstrapping continued • Since the 6 month and one year bills are zero coupon instruments we will use them to estimate the zero coupon 1.5 year rate. • The 1.5 year note would make a semiannual coupon payment of $100(.0445)/2=2.225 • Therefore the cash flows from the bond would be t0.5=2.225 t1=2.225 t1.5=102.225

  40. Bootstrapping continued • A package of stripped securities should sell for the same price ($100 = par value) as the 1.5 year bond to eliminate arbitrage. • The correct semi annual interest rates to use come from the annualized zero coupon bonds r0.5 = 4%/2 = 2% r1.0 = 4.2%/2 = 2.1%

  41. Bootstrapping continued r0.5 = 4%/2 = 2% r1.0 = 4.2%/2 = 2.1% The price of the package of zero coupons should equal the price of the theoretical 1.5 year zero coupon

  42. Bootstrapping continued

  43. Bootstrapping continued • The semi annual rate is therefore 2.2293% and the annual yield would be 4.4586% • Similarly the 2 year yield could be found: the coupon is 4.75% implying coupon payments of $2.375 and cash flows of: t0.5=2.375 t1.0=2.375 t1.5=2.375 t2.0=102.375

  44. Bootstrapping continued

  45. Bootstrapping continued • What is the 2.5 year par value zero coupon rate? The coupon is 5%

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