GIS Frontiers: Visualization, 3-D Analysis, and the Future of GIS

1. GIS Frontiers:Visualization, 3-D Analysis, and the Future of GIS

2. Today • This week’s topics: • Visualization and 3D modeling in GIS; GIS Frontiers • This week: • FINAL: Thursday 9:00am to 11:00am • FINAL: Friday 10am to 12:00, 12:00 to 2:00pm • Final project due next Wed March 26th , by end of the day (turn in at my office, room 2010 Ag Science or my mailbox, room 2003 Ag Science) • Reminder: ArcGIS also available in room 2013 and 2023 Ag Science and room 324 Percival (need to install or refresh class data)

3. Office hours this week • Stop in during office hours if you need help • Contact me otherwise • Jackie Stragerjmstrager@mail.wvu.edu 2010 Ag Science Office Hours this week: Tues 1:00 – 3:00 pm Wed 2:00 – 3:30 pm Or by appointment

4. Final exam • Format • 20% multiple choice questions, largely based on lectures since the mid-term • 40% short essay questions, largely based on topics since mid-term • 40% GIS problems, similar to practice questions handed out in lab last week (see me if you need a copy) • Worth 25% of your overall class grade

5. Lecture topics emphasized on final • Starting with lecture 11 (Imagery) • Topics: • Imagery • Creating & editing spatial data • Introduction to raster data • Raster and terrain analyses • GIS modeling • Frontiers in GIS, 3-D visualization (this week)

6. GIS skills you will need for the final • Basics • Adding data to the map • Zoom in, zoom out • Identify tool • Measure tool • Open attribute table • Sort attribute table • Working with selected features

7. GIS skills included on final (2) • Select by location, select by attributes • Clip tool (vector data) • Calculate geometry (attribute table field) • Raster analysis & Spatial Analyst Tools: • Extraction > Extract by Mask tool (extract data from a raster) • Use Map Algebra > Raster Calculator for simple queries • Working with raster datasets: • Layer properties, including cell size, min, max • Attribute tables (using value and count fields, calculating area)

8. Hands-on portion of final, continued • Not included on hands-on portion of final: • Making maps/layouts/legends • Digitizing • Downloading/unzipping data • (Make sure you understand and can describe the basic process behind data creation & digitizing however…)

9. This week’s topics: New frontiers in GIS • Visualization, 3-D analysis, LiDAR (today) • New frontiers: advances and new ideas in GIS • GIS and Internet mapping • Class summary

10. Visualization • What is modeling? Attempting to simulate real-world processes in GIS • Visualization: Realistic computer modeling of 2D features, makes them appear 3D • Shadows • Perspective • Shading

11. 3-D visualization in GIS • Why? • Simulation of real-world conditions • Model difficult to reach locations (or times) • Training/simulation • Provide context and spatial awareness (more than just video game graphics) • How? • Extensions/plug-ins to GIS software (such as ArcGIS) • Internet applications

12. 3-D analysis using ArcGIS 10 • Included in student evaluation software too • 3-D Analyst extension (for ArcMap) • ArcGlobe application • ArcScene application • Learning more: • ESRI Virtual Campus classes • ESRI tutorials ArcScenemodel of downtown Pittsburgh (ESRI)

13. 3-D Analysis in GIS • Datasets for surface models in GIS • High resolution elevation grids are a must • Elevation and TINS form the backbone for 3-D viewing • TIN: Triangular Irregular Network • Created from DEM (Digital Elevation Model) • Enhanced using features (points/lines)

14. Preparing TINs • TINs are created using 3-D Analyst • TINs depend on: • Mass points (elevation measurements at points ) • Breaklines (elevation breaks or abrupt changes) Tin with MORE mass points

15. 3-D Analysis capabilities in GIS • Viewshed, visibility analysis • Cut/fill volumetric analysis • Contours, steepest path, profile • Visualization of 3-D spatial objects • Animated fly-throughs 3D Analyst toolbar

16. 3-D Analysis: Visibility and viewshed analysis • Based on elevation differences • Can include offsets (heights of towers, etc.) Red = not visible Green = visible from observer point

17. Cut area Fill area 3-D Analysis: Volumetric analysis • Cut/fill calculations • Compare two elevation surfaces • Calculate area, surface area (accounting for elevation differences), volume • Applications: • Engineering, construction • Valley fills (mining) • Habitat analysis Source: Mike Shank, WVDEP TAGIS http://gis.dep.wv.gov/tagis/projects/valley_fill_paper.pdf

18. 3-D Analysis tools: Contour, profile, steepest path Cheat Canyon Elevation Profile From Coopers Rock overlook GIS-identified Steepest paths down

19. Visualization of 3-D spatial objects • Buildings and other spatial features (usually polygons) can be symbolized in 3-D • Uses base height (from DEM) • Feature height (e.g. buildings) for “extrusion”

20. Other 3-D visualizations 3-D Model of Philadelphia’s Downtown Blue = building shadows at noon Red = shadow for new building Source: ESRI 3D Analyst Virtual City template example

21. 3-D Analysis: Animated fly-throughs • 3-D Aerial tour of your GIS datasets and area of interest • Created using ArcGIS software and your imagery • Created using Google Earth or similar tools From:Student project Nathan Woodward Stephen F. Austin University Big Bend National Park (TX) http://youtube/d4VEIja7Noc Link to Youtube

22. LiDAR • LiDAR = Light Detection and Ranging • Airborne or ground-based data collection using lasers • Energy is reflected back to sensor and recorded • Combine collected point clouds to construct enhanced 3-D models and detailed elevation surfaces

23. LiDAR data collection - examples • WVU has LiDAR collection equipment • Blennerhasset Island State Park animation • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDK8eJjjz7s Valley Fill WVU, NRAC Tree canopies Oregon State Link to Youtube

24. Using GIS with advanced rendering software • Create virtual models of reality, with spatial location built-in • Software tools: • ArcScene • 3-D Nature, World Construction Set • Google SketchUp (free) • Others • Key elements: • Elevation surface (DEM or TIN) • Drape actual aerial photos over surface • Add 3-D spatial objects: Buildings, trees, people etc.

25. Examples • Google Sketch-Up: Advanced rendering tools • Use results in ArcScene with your GIS data SketchUp Examples from: G&G ArcScene

26. Examples • Additional WVU Campus buildings in Sketchup, Google Earth • Engineering class project

27. Examples New River Gorge visualization: Prof. Hasenmyer (LA) New River Gorge WV New River Gorge Proposed Housing Development 3-D Visualization Landscape Architecture WVU 3D Terrain Model

29. Google Earth

30. New frontiers in GIS • What’s next in GIS? • Hardware and software improvements • Computers, electronics: Smaller, cheaper, faster • Software: new capabilities, Internet-enabled

31. Mobile GIS, real-time mapping • Integration of GPS and GIS • Real-time data entry, collection • Track location • Mobile devices and apps: • ArcGIS • Google Earth Virginia Department of Forestry ESRI Case Study

32. New frontiers in GIS: Spatial data • Data improvements & challenges • Improving temporal resolution • Improving spatial resolution • Improving data availability & delivery • Maintaining existing datasets: Stewardship • Cost: Who pays for it?

33. Advances in data collection: New instruments, sensors • Ground-based lasers and 3-D scanners • Remote sensing instruments: • LiDAR • New satellites • Remote vehicles LiDAR: Light Detection and Ranging

34. Applications of LiDAR • High resolution elevation mapping: • Powerline/pipeline corridors • Property mapping/assessment • DEM/contour mapping • Sample LiDAR projects • Search WVUNRAC on Youtube • Mapping WVU forest • NYC, post-911 • State of Pennsylvania

35. Advanced visualization: Beyond 3-D • Immersive GIS: Virtual reality “CAVE” systems Historic Morgantown CAVE visualization WVU Geology & Geography

36. Web-based content integration • Access web content from within GIS software • No need to house all data on your own computer or own network • Example: Access basemap imagery within ArcGIS Add Data > Add Basemap Basemap image from external server

37. Web-based mapping and GIS functionality • Internet map servers • Uses: • Accessible by general public, non-technical users • Access to data layers, data delivery • Limited analysis functionality (still developing) • Advantages • Access for greatest number of people • Data updates • Future • Run GIS processes over Internet (not just viewing maps)

38. GIS Internet map servers: Examples • Access to spatial data • General mapping sites • WV Basemap Viewer: http://www.mapwv.gov/ • US National Atlas Map Maker: http://nationalatlas.gov/ • Public information • WVDEP Mine maps: http://gis.wvdep.org/ • US Census Data: http://factfinder.census.gov/ • City of San Francisco, city services: http://www.sfgov.org/ • Scientific/technical information • USGS map server: http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/ • USGS EDNA map server and tools: http://edna.usgs.gov/

39. South America Digital globe applications • Stand-alone applications, access world-wide imagery through internet sources • Google Earth • ArcGIS Explorer Google Earth visualization of hiking route from GPS data Patagonia, Chile (Dr. Trace Gale, WVU)

40. Using GIS data in Google Earth • Google Earth can use real-world GIS datasets on top of standard Google Earth imagery backgrounds • Save in KML or KMZ format (GoogleEarth) • Use shapefiles directly (GoogleEarth Pro) Example: WV Mining Permit boundaries, WVDEP

41. Summary • 3-D Analysis and visualization • Many tools exist in GIS software and in other packages • Fusing GIS data, imagery, and spatial objects • Many different uses of visualization • Historical re-creations • Visualizing remote areas • Advances in GIS • New advances in data collection • Influence of internet-based mapping and online tools

42. Was it worth it? • Increased awareness of importance of geospatial technologies • Impact of GIS: • Geospatial related revenues are estimated at $150 billion+ per year worldwide • 2 million+ users, 500,000 directly employed in mapping industry in U.S. • Students with training in GIS, data & software have average salaries higher than those who do not* *Based on study commissioned by Google, see article in Washington Post 1/30/13 by Hayley Tsukayama http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-30/business/36632184_1_google-maps-studies-charlie-hale

43. Class Summary • Foundations of GIS: • Background on important concepts fundamental to the use of GIS • Hands-on practical use of GIS software, primarily with WV datasets and data sources • Learning more: • RESM 575 (Advanced Spatial Analysis) • ESRI Virtual Campus online classes (see me)

44. Thanks!!! • Please fill out evaluation (Monday March 17) • Separate evaluations for lab sections if applicable • Contact info: • Jackie Strager, Natural Resource Analysis Center • jmstrager@mail.wvu.edu