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Basic Materials Used for Buildings

Basic Materials Used for Buildings. Stones Bricks Concrete Metal Timber. Rocks, Stones and Pebbles. Rocks. In geology, a  rock  is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals Rocks can come in a variety of colours , the most common being grey.

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Basic Materials Used for Buildings

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  1. Basic Materials Used for Buildings • Stones • Bricks • Concrete • Metal • Timber

  2. Rocks, Stones and Pebbles

  3. Rocks • In geology, a rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals • Rocks can come in a variety of colours, the most common being grey. • There are three types of rocks:- • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic

  4. Types of Rock • start off as magma (volcanic emission) within the earth. • forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava • formed by direct alteration of existing rocks • Metamorphic rock is igneous/sediment rock that has been changed by heat and/or pressure. Any rock changed this way is a metamorphic rock. • formed by sedimentation of particles at or near the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. • Over time rocks may be weathered down by water, wind and ice and be carried into a lake, river, sea or even sand dunes. Over millions of years they will be compressed until a rock with visible layers is formed.

  5. Types of Rock • Igneous rock include: • Quartz • Ebonite • Obsidian • Diamond • Granite • Basalt • Lava rocks • Pumice Granite Quartz Pumice • Sedimentary rocks category include: • Sandstone • Limestone • Coal • Oil strata • Gypsum • Soapstone • Shale • Chinli formation (found only in central Utah) Limestone Sandstone • Metamorphic rocks category include:- Gypsum Slate Marble

  6. Stones • Stones are a smaller variety of rocks, and they are usually around the size of your hand. Pebbles Pebbles are the very tiny ones. Pebbles are generally considered to be larger than granules (2 to 4 millimetres diameter) and smaller than cobbles (64 to 256 millimetres diameter).

  7. BRICKS

  8. Bricks • A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. • Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure • Bricks are produced in many formats: solid, perforated, and hollow • Typical size : 215x102x65 mm (length x width x height)

  9. Cavities exceeding 25% of total volume of brick Types of bricks (shape) End web Face shell cell End web Central web Hollow Solid frog Volume of indentations must not exceed 20% of gross volume Holes exceed 25% of gross volume of the brick Frogged Perforated

  10. Brick Bonding • Stretcher • Header • English • Flemish • Rat trap

  11. Bricks material • Brick made of :- • Clay • Concrete • calcium silicate • sand-cement

  12. Clay Bricks • Three types of clay bricks: • Common – general use, not design to provide good finish/ high strength, usually plastered, non-load bearing • Facing – for attractive appearance, no cracks, may or may not load bearing, durable • Engineering – good strength and durability, high density, well fired (load bearing walls, retaining walls, sewers, embankments) common facing Engineering

  13. Manufacturing of clay bricks • Process (digging, crushing, sieving, grinding, proportioning, mixing and tempering) • Add chemicals for special purpose (barium carbonat, soluble salts) Preparation • Process of giving shape to the bricks. • Variety shaping methods depends on moisture content and consistency of clay • Ex:Semi dry process,stiff plastic process,wire cut process,soft mud process. Formation • To reduce the moisture content • Enable brick to be stacked higher in the kiln • Enable firing temperature to be increased more rapidly Drying • Changes the physical structure and give good mechanical properties and resistance to water Firing

  14. Calcium Silicate Bricks • Consists of 90 – 95% sand, lime and water • Usually light grey and paler shades • Manufacturing • Mixing – mixing with sand, lime, pigments and water • Pressing – pressed under very high pressure to give shape • Autoclave – high pressure steam curing to form calcium silicate

  15. Concrete Bricks • Consists of aggregates, cement and water • May contain additives such as air entraining agents, coloring pigments. • Lengths 400 – 600 mm • Heights 150 – 300 mm • Thickness 60 – 250 mm

  16. Sand-cement Bricks • Dimension = 210mm(L) x 100mm(W) x 65mm(H) • Suitable for all construction brick works.

  17. Concrete

  18. Concrete • One of the most common construction material • Wide variety applications- piles, dams, foundations, bridges and many more • One of the most economical materials of construction Concrete Constituents • Cement • Fine Aggregate • Coarse aggregate • Water • Admixtures – chemical and pozzolanic

  19. Cement • Made of Argillaceous(clay, sandstone) + Calcareous (Limestone) • Most popular type of cement is Portland cement • Fine Aggregate – less than 5 mm • Coarse aggregate – greater than 5 mm(10, 20, 40 mm) • Water – for hydration process and workability of concrete • Admixtures- to enhance the properties of concrete in the plastic and hardened states.

  20. Types of Concrete • Based on aggregate:- • Lightweight concrete • Normal weight concrete • Heavyweight concrete • Based on strength:- • Normal strength – 25 to 50 Mpa • High strength – 51 to 80 Mpa • Very high strength – greater than 80 MPa

  21. Metal

  22. Metal • is a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, and generally can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking • Metal also able to be fused or melted and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). • Two types:- • Ferrous metal • Non-Ferrous metal

  23. Ferrous metal • Iron – one of most abundant metallic material in the earth’s crust (4-5%), found in the form of ore (oxides, carbonates, silicate) • Steel – combination of iron and carbon. • - steel products are coming in semi finished types such as • billets (coins, gold bar), blooms and slab. • Stainless Steel – is a steel alloy with a minimum 10.5% of • chromium content by mass. • - resistant to corrosion and stain

  24. Non-Ferrous metal • a non-ferrous metal is any metal, including alloys, that does not contain iron in appreciable amounts • Generally more expensive than ferrous metals, low weight, higher conductivity, non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion. • Example: aluminium, copper, lead, mercury, cadmium, Alloy steel (chromium, cobalt, tungsten) • Mostly being used as non structural member

  25. TIMBER

  26. INTRODUCTION • Timber is a term used to describe wood, either standing or that has been processed for use • Timber from the latter is only produced in small sizes, reducing the diversity of uses. • Of the hundred of the species, only a few secreted timber which are used in building construction

  27. ANATOMY OF TIMBER Pith Cambium Sapwood Ray Bark Heartwood

  28. TIMBER SELECTION • The selection of timber depends on: - appearance - strength - availability - stability - durability - cost

  29. HARDWOOD • From board leaves tree • Most of them are deciduous mast tree where hard and strong • Eg: damarlaut, jelutung and pulai Jelutung pulai

  30. SOFTWOOD • As coniferous tree with needle like leaves which are evergreen • Types of growth with the cone shape • Eg:resak, giam, kempas, merah and berlian kempas

  31. MALAYSIAN TIMBER Heavy hardwood Medium hardwood Light hardwood Softwood

  32. HEAVY HARDWOOD • This is a kind of heavy timber • The weight ranges from 50-70 lbs/cubic foot (22kg - 31kg) • Density: more than 800 kg/m3 • Have a natural durable (have a toxic material contains in their tissues) • Eg: cengal, balau, resak cengal

  33. MEDIUM HARDWOOD • Have a moderately heavy • The weight ranges from 45-55 lbs/cubic foot (20kg - 25kg) • Density: area 720 – 800 kg/m3 • Have a different durability depends on weather • Must be preserved before and after construction • Eg: kulim, kapur, jati, merbau merbau jati

  34. LIGHT HARDWOOD • Have a relatively light in weight • The weight ranges from 25-45 lbs/cubic foot (10kg – 20kg) • Density: area 400 – 720 kg/m3 • They are not very durable and need preservation • Used for furniture or panelling • Eg: meranti, durian, kedondong, bintagor, getah, medang getah durian

  35. SOFTWOOD • Have a very soft surface • Density: less than 400 kg/m3 • They are lack of commercial significance • Not durable and classified as perishable • Quickly and easily to destroyed

  36. DEFECT OF TIMBER Natural defect Conversion defect Deterioration defect

  37. NATURAL DEFECT • The grains are direction of wood cell • The longitude axis of a timber that were swan • This can give an effects to the strength of a timber

  38. CONVERSION DEFECT • Normally, cause by human • Eg: poor drying, poor cutting

  39. DETERIOTATION DEFECT • Reproduction by spores • The favorable condition for it growth is where the place have a good temperature, oxygen and moisture • Dry rot (most common and fungal attack) • Wet rot (become brittle, lose strength and crumble)

  40. BEETLE TYPES OF BEETLE • One of the most diverse groups of insects • Forty percent of all described insect species are beetles (about 350,000 species) • Can be found in almost all habitats • Certain species can be agricultural pests • Common furniture beetle • Powder post beetle • House long horn beetle • Death watch beetle

  41. COMMON FURNITURE BEETLE • This flight hole 1.5mm and also called woodworm • Attack softwood and the sapwood of hardwood • Can be found in the furniture and joinery POWDER POST BEETLE • This flight hole in 2.0mm • Mostly attack hardwood • Can be found in sawriils

  42. HOUSE LONGHORN BEETLE • This flight hole at 10.0mm • Cause for extensive damaged because of the long larvae stage and have a few flight hole • Attack the sapwood of softwood • Can be found at the structured timber DEATH WATCH BEETLE • This flight hole in 3.0mm • Attack hardwood and usually timber of old building

  43. ANOTHER BEETLE

  44. TIMBER TREATMENT • Brushing-Costs applied and repeated periodically (2 – 3 years) • Dipping-Involves immersion of timber in preservative for a period of 10 seconds to 10 minutes -Purposed to give considerable penetration • Open tank system - Timber is submerged in a tank while preservative is heated and kept for several hours at 80 – 90%. - Absorption takes place as it cools • Pressure injection - Provide deepest penetration of preservatives for permanent protection against longhorns and marine borers - Effective for timber that has direct contact with ground/sea water or in similar environments.

  45. ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER • Easy to handling • Have a beautiful appearance (aesthetic value) • Heat and electric insulator is high • Have a good durability if was conserved • Availability • Suitable used on any construction

  46. DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER • Easy to fired • Weather can changes their durability, stability and appearance • Need to be painted to changes their appearance • Easy to get a fungal attack

  47. CONCLUSION • Timber are suitable used on any construction • Timber is not only used in superstructure but it also can used in the substructure works (formwork) • In the other words, timber have a lot of the uses

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