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IDE and SCSI Devices

IDE and SCSI Devices. Terms and Definitions. Chapter Objectives. After completing this chapter you will: Understand hard drive terminology. Understand the different hard drive types. Be able to set up and configure different types of hard drives. Be able to troubleshoot hard drive problems.

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IDE and SCSI Devices

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  1. IDE and SCSI Devices Terms and Definitions

  2. Chapter Objectives After completing this chapter you will: • Understand hard drive terminology. • Understand the different hard drive types. • Be able to set up and configure different types of hard drives. • Be able to troubleshoot hard drive problems. • Understand and be able to perform hard drive preventive maintenance.

  3. Hard Drive Overview • Hard drives are the most popular devices for storing data. The hard drive subsystem can have up to three parts: • The hard drive • Cables that attach to an adapter or the motherboard • Control circuits located on an adapter or the motherboard

  4. Hard Drive Geometry • Components of a Hard Drive: • Platters are multiple hard metal surfaces contained in the hard drive. • Read/Write Heads write and read 1s and 0s to and from the hard drive surface. • A Head Crash occurs when a read/write head touches the hard drive platter. • Track is a concentric circle on a formatted floppy or hard drive platter. • Cylinder is one corresponding track on all surfaces of a hard drive. • Sectors – Each track is divided into sectors which contains 512 bytes of data. • ZBR (Zone Bit Recording) efficiently uses the hard drive surface by placing more sectors on the outer tracks than on the inner tracks. • Interleaving is a method of numbering sectors for the most efficient transfer of data between the hard drive and the controller. Today’s hard drives normally use a 1:1 interleave.

  5. Hard Drive Geometry Hard Drive Geometry IDE/SCSI – Figure #1

  6. Hard Drive Geometry Cylinder vs Tracks IDE/SCSI – Figure #2

  7. Hard Drive Geometry Sectors on Older Hard Drives IDE/SCSI – Figure #3

  8. Hard Drive Geometry Zone Bit Recording Sectors IDE/SCSI – Figure #4

  9. Hard Drive Geometry 3:1 Interleaving IDE/SCSI – Figure #5

  10. Hard Drive Interfaces Overview • There are four hard drive interfaces: • ST506 • ESDI • IDE (ATA) • SCSI • Encoding is the way 1s and 0s are placed on the drive.

  11. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) • IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) is the most popular type of hard drive used in home and business computers. • DMA (Direct Memory Access) allows data transfer between the hard drive and RAM without going through the CPU. • PIO (Programmed Input/Output) is a speed standard for data transfers to and from the hard drive. • UDMA (Ultra DMA) allows the IDE interface to control the PCI bus for faster transfers. • SMART (Self-Monitoring Analysis & Report Technology) is part of the ATA-3 IDE standard for power management, drive analysis, and failure reporting. • CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Checking) is an advanced method of checking the data for errors. • ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface) is the hardware side of the IDE specification that supports devices like CD and tape drives. • Serial ATA is a point to point interface in which each device connects to the host through a dedicated link and has the entire interface bandwidth.

  12. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) PIO Modes for IDE Hard Drives IDE/SCSI – Table #1

  13. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) DMA Modes for IDE Hard Drives IDE/SCSI – Table #2

  14. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) 80 and 40 Pin Conductor Cable IDE/SCSI – Figure #6

  15. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) IDE ATA Standards IDE/SCSI – Table #4

  16. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) • SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is an interface standard that connects multiple small devices to the same adapter via a SCSI bus. • SCSI bus is the bus shared by all devices that attach to one SCSI adapter. • Host Adapter connects the SCSI device to the motherboard and coordinates the activities of other devices connected.

  17. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) SCSI Standards IDE/SCSI – Table #5

  18. Laptop Storage Devices • Laptops can use IDE or SCSI hard drives. • Laptop IDE hard drives are installed using two methods: • Proprietary installation is installed in a location that cannot be changed, configured, or moved very easily. • Removable IDE hard drives with a laptop are installed or removed through a 44-pin connector.

  19. SCSI Software Standards • Most SCSI hard drives have software built into the hard drive’s BIOS chip. Other drives must use one of three types of SCSI software standards: • ASPI (Advanced SCSI Programming Interface) • CAM (Common Access Method) • LADDR (Layered Device Driver Architecture)

  20. Drive Configuration Overview • The configuration of a hard drive usually includes setting jumpers on the drive, terminating properly, and performing a few software commands.

  21. IDE Device Configuration • IDE Hard Drives are normally configured using jumpers. • Single IDE setting is used when only one devices connects to the IDE cable. • Master IDE setting is a jumper setting used to configure an IDE device and is the controlling device on the interface. • Slave IDE setting is an IDE setting for the second device added to the IDE cable. The device should be a slower device than the master. • Cable Select is a setting used on IDE devices when a special cable determines which device is the master and which one is the slave. • DASP (Drive Active/Slave Present) is a signal in the ATA interface of the IDE connector that is used to indicate the presence of a slave IDE device. • Master/Slave configuration can be found on 9-19.

  22. IDE Device Configuration IDE Motherboard Connectors IDE/SCSI – Figure #7

  23. IDE Device Configuration IDE Hard Drive Set as Master IDE/SCSI – Figure #8

  24. IDE Device Configuration Two IDE Hard Drives IDE/SCSI – Figure #9

  25. Serial ATA (SATA) Installation • Serial ATA drives are easy to install. • Serial ATA drives do not have any master/slave, cable select, or termination settings • Uses a small 7-pin connector that attaches between the serial ATA controller and the serial ATA drive • Installation instructions for serial ATA drives can be found on 9-25.

  26. Serial ATA (SATA) Installation Installed SATA Hard Drive and Adapter IDE/SCSI – Figure #12

  27. SCSI Configuration • A SCSI device is configured by: • Setting the proper SCSI ID • Terminating both ends of the SCSI chain • Connecting the proper cables • A SCSI ID is the priority number assigned to each device connected by a SCSI chain.

  28. SCSI ID Configuration • Standard SCSI devices recognize SCSI IDs 0 through 7. • Wide SCSI devices recognize SCSI IDs 0 through 15. • Power on all external SCSI devices before powering on the computer. • Each SCSI device must have a unique SCSI ID. • SCAM (SCSI Configured AutoMatically) allows for automatic SCSI ID assignment.

  29. SCSI ID Configuration SCSI ID Settings (Most Significant Bit to the Left) IDE/SCSI – Table #7

  30. SCSI ID Configuration Two Internal SCSI Devices – SCSI IDs IDE/SCSI – Figure #13

  31. SCSI ID Configuration Two External SCSI Devices – SCSI IDs IDE/SCSI – Figure #14

  32. SCSI Termination • SCSI termination is performed in several different ways: • By installing a SIPP • By installing a jumper • By setting a switch • By installing a terminator plug • By installing a pass-through terminator • Through software

  33. SCSI Termination • The SCSI bus cannot operate properly without terminating both ends of the SCSI bus. • SE (Single Ended) is a type of SCSI electrical signal and terminator used with most SCSI devices. • Passive Terminators are one type of SCSI chain end that is susceptible to noise interference over long cable distances. It is used with SCSI-1 devices. • Active Terminators are a type of end to a SCSI chain that allows for longer cable distance and provides correct voltage for SCSI signals. • FPT (Forced Perfect Termination) is a special type of active terminator that can be used with SE devices. • HVD (High Voltage Differential) is a SCSI-2 standard that allowed longer SCSI bus lengths and required a differential terminator. HVD was removed from the SCSI-3 standards. • Differential Terminator is a SCSI terminator used with HVD SCSI devices. It cannot be used with other SCSI types. • LVD (Low Voltage Differential) is a SCSI signaling type that is required on all SCSI devices that adhere to the Ultra SCSI standards. LVD is backwards compatible with SE. • Pass Through Terminator allows a device that does not have terminators to be terminated through the connector that attaches to the cable.

  34. SCSI Termination SCSI Termination IDE/SCSI – Figure #15

  35. SCSI Termination Today’s SCSI Terminators: Pass Through Terminator and 68-Pin Active Terminator IDE/SCSI – Figure #17

  36. SCSI Termination SCSI Symbols IDE/SCSI – Figure #19

  37. SCSI Termination Two Internal SCSI Devices - Termination IDE/SCSI – Figure #20

  38. SCSI Termination Two External SCSI Devices - Termination IDE/SCSI – Figure #21

  39. SCSI Termination Internal and External SCSI Devices - Termination IDE/SCSI – Figure #22

  40. SCSI Cables • SCSI cabling allows multiple devices to be connected to one SCSI host adapter and share the same SCSI bus. • Most internal SCSI-1 and SCSI-2 cables are 50-pin ribbon cables. They are also known as an A cable. • Internal SCSI-3 cables are 68-pin ribbon cables. • When installing multiple SCSI devices, install one device at a time. • Always avoid using the cheaper, thinner SCSI cables. They are more susceptible to outside noise.

  41. SCSI Cables Internal SCSI Cables IDE/SCSI – Figure #23

  42. SCSI Cables External SCSI Cables IDE/SCSI – Figure #24

  43. SCSI Cables SCSI Cables and Connectors IDE/SCSI – Table #9

  44. System Configuration for Hard Drives • Hard drives are configured through the Setup program with a drive type number. • Drive Type is a number that corresponds to a drive’s geometry (the number of cylinders, heads, and sectors). • IDE hard drives are normally configured using the Auto-Detect feature included with BIOS. This feature automatically determines the drive type for the system.

  45. BIOS Configurations for Hard Drives • Most system BIOS chips manufactured before 1994 use INT13 to recognize hard drives up to 504MB. • INT13 Interface or Interrupt 13 is a standard that allows a system BIOS to locate data on the hard drive. • LBA (Logical Block Addressing) allows hard drives to be recognized up to 8GB in capacity. • Extended INT13 Interface can support drives larger than 8GB in capacity.

  46. Hard Drive Preparation Overview • Three steps to hard drive preparation: • Low-Level Format • Partition • High-Level Format

  47. Partitioning • Partitioning divides a hard drive so that the computer system sees more than one drive. • FDISK is a command used to partition a hard drive. • A File System defines how data is stored on a drive. • FAT (File Allocation Table) is a method of organizing a computer’s file system. • FAT16 file system is supported by DOS, Windows 9x, NT, 2000, and XP. • FAT32 file system used by Windows 95 Service Release 2, Windows 98, Windows 2000, and XP that supports hard drives up to 2TB in size. • NTFS (NT File System) file system used with Windows NT, 2000, and XP.

  48. Partitioning • Types of Partitions: • The Primary Partition is the first detected drive on the hard drive. • The Extended Partition is a hard drive division • Logical Drives divides the extended partition into separate units which appear as separate drive letters. • System Partition is a type of active hard drive partition found in Windows NT and 2000 that contains the hardware-specific files needed to load the operating system. • Boot Partition – A type of partition found in Windows NT and 2000 that contains the operating system. • The Partition Table holds the information about the types and locations of partitions created. It is part of the master boot record. • MBR (Master Boot Record) is a program that reads the partition table to find the primary partitions used to boot the system.

  49. Partitioning Clusters IDE/SCSI – Figure #25

  50. Partitioning FAT16 Partitions and Cluster Size IDE/SCSI – Table #12

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