Sir Alexander Fleming Born: 6 August 1881, Lochfield, Scotland

1. Sir Alexander Fleming Born: 6 August 1881, Lochfield, Scotland Died: 11 March 1955, London, United Kingdom Affiliation at the time of the award: London University, London, United Kingdom Nobel Prize motivation: "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"

2. James Dewey Watson Born: 6 April 1928, Chicago, IL, USA Affiliation at the time of the award: Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"

3. Robert G. Edwards Born: 27 September 1925, Batley, United Kingdom Died: 10 April 2013, Cambridge, United Kingdom Affiliation at the time of the award: University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom Prize motivation: "for the development of in vitro fertilization"

4. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 was awarded jointly to Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase". Elizabeth H. Blackburn Carol W. Greider Jack W. Szostak

5. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 was awarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells". Oliver Smithies Sir Martin J. Evans Mario R. Capecchi

6. Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 was awarded jointly to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"

7. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 was awarded jointly to Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" J. Robin Warren Barry J. Marshall

8. Paul C. Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 was awarded jointly to Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"

9. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was awarded jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'". H. Robert Horvitz Sydney Brenner John E. Sulston

10. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 was awarded jointly to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system". Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad Robert F. Furchgott

11. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 was awarded to Stanley B. Prusiner "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection". Stanley B. Prusiner

12. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 was awarded jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell

13. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 was awarded jointly to Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes" Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp

14. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 was awarded jointly to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" Edwin G. Krebs Edmond H. Fischer

15. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 was awarded jointly to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" Harold E. Varmus J. Michael Bishop

16. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 was awarded to Susumu Tonegawa "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity". Susumu Tonegawa

17. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 was awarded jointly to Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth factors" Stanley Cohen Rita Levi-Montalcini

18. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 was awarded jointly to Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies". Georges J.F. Köhler Niels K. Jerne César Milstein

19. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 was awarded to Barbara McClintock "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements". Barbara McClintock

20. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 was awarded jointly to Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield "for the development of computer assisted tomography" Allan M. Cormack Godfrey N. Hounsfield

21. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 was awarded jointly to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics". Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith

22. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 was awarded jointly to Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter

23. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 was awarded to Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones".

24. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 was awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis". Robert W. Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg

25. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 was divided equally between Peyton Rous "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" and Charles Brenton Huggins "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer". Peyton Rous Charles Brenton Huggins

26. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 was awarded jointly to Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". Francis Harry Compton Crick James Dewey Watson Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

27. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 was divided equally between Hans Adolf Krebs "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" and Fritz Albert Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism". Hans Adolf Krebs Fritz Albert Lipmann

28. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 was awarded to Selman A. Waksman "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis". Selman Abraham Waksman

29. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948 was awarded to Paul Müller "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods". Paul Hermann Müller

30. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 was divided, one half jointly to Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" and the other half to Bernardo Alberto Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar". Gerty Theresa Cori , née Radnitz Carl Ferdinand Cori Bernardo Alberto Houssay

31. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was awarded to Hermann J. Muller "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation". Hermann Joseph Muller

32. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 was awarded jointly to Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases". Sir Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey

33. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 was divided equally between Henrik Carl Peter Dam "for his discovery of vitamin K" and Edward Adelbert Doisy "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K". • Henrik Dam and Edward A. Doisy received their Nobel Prize one year later, in 1944. During the selection process in 1943, the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Nobel Prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and this statute was then applied. Henrik Dam and Edward A. Doisy therefore received their Nobel Prize for 1943 one year later, in 1944. Henrik Carl Peter Dam Edward Adelbert Doisy

34. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939 was awarded to Gerhard Domagk "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil". • Gerhard Domagk was caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but he later received the diploma and the medal.

35. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 was awarded to Thomas H. Morgan "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity". Thomas Hunt Morgan

36. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 was awarded to Willem Einthoven "for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram".

37. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 was awarded jointly to Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod "for the discovery of insulin" John James Rickard Macleod Frederick Grant Banting