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Chapter Twenty

Chapter Twenty. Navigating the Internet. Objectives. To learn about the history of the Internet To examine the infrastructure of our electronic world To take a look at some of the organizations that maintain order out of mayhem. A Little History (1 of 2).

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Chapter Twenty

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  1. Chapter Twenty Navigating the Internet

  2. Objectives • To learn about the history of the Internet • To examine the infrastructure of our electronic world • To take a look at some of the organizations that maintain order out of mayhem

  3. A Little History (1 of 2) • Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider writes On-Line Man Computer Communication and describes the “Galactic Network.” • Leonard Kleinrock writes Information Flow in Large Communication Nets which leads to the development of TCP. • Vincent Cerf and Robert Kahn present A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication which describes TCP.

  4. A Little History (2 of 2) • Lawrence Roberts and Leonard Kleinrock get two unlike computers to talk over a telephone wire on opposite sides of the continent in 1965. • In 1969, four computers in different parts of the country are linked to form ARPANET. • Al Gore is still in a Government Studies program at Harvard.

  5. User’s PC User’s datacom The local loop carrier The ISP point of presence User services ISP backbone Online content Origin of content The Foundation of the Internet

  6. User’s PC • The computer that initiates a request of an Internet resource • Must be equipped with some form of transceiver • Must be running some form of Internet-aware file system (browser) • Must be configured with TCP/IP

  7. User’s Datacom • Data communications device • Modem • DSL or cable modem

  8. Local Loop Carrier • The circuit that brings the user request from the datacom to the Internet service provider (ISP) • Most usually a telephone line • Cable modems bring it over the cable system

  9. ISP Point of Presence • The point where the ISP taps into the Internet backbone • Frequently a key source of congestion • If an ISP has 10,000 subscribers and a 1.5MB POP, that’s 10,000 unhappy puppies.

  10. User Services • Generally provided by the ISP, including: • Domain name services • Email hosting services • Web hosting • FTP services • Newsgroup services • Bulletin board services

  11. The ISP Backbone • It is a high-speed cable that transmits the blended signals of millions of people at once. • Major metropolitan areas will have several network access points (NAP). • Large ISPs who tap into the backbone • Each major communications carrier maintains their own backbone circuitry. • Agreements between providers assure seamless transmission of data.

  12. Online Content • These are the web servers that host different sites. • Very large websites (large corporations, government agencies, and such) maintain dedicated sites • Companies with large servers offer hosting to smaller organizations who don’t need a dedicated site

  13. Origin of Content • The actual web page you view • A universal resource locater (URL) • An address that points to each specific page on a website • Each URL constitutes origin of content

  14. Administering the Internet • Different agencies oversee different aspects • Administration • Engineering • Security • Most of these agencies under the oversight of the Internet Society (ISOC)

  15. Administration • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) • Doles out IP addresses and domain names • Helped by the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)

  16. Engineering • Internet Engineering Planning Group (IEPG) • Oversees development of new segments and manages acceptable use policies • North American Network Operators Group (NANOG) has primary responsibility

  17. Security • Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) • Monitors outbreaks of viruses • Watches for criminal activity on the Internet

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