Chapter Three Navigation Technology

1. Chapter Three Navigation Technology 3~4 hours

2. Review what we have learned last period Types of Navigation Dead reckoning Piloting Celestial navigation Radio navigation Radar navigation Satellite navigation 航迹推算 引航 天文导航 无线电导航 雷达导航 卫星导航

3. Factors to be considered when choosing an anchorage 水深 Depth of Water Type of Bottom Proximity to Navigation Hazards Proximity to Adjacent Ships Proximity to Harbor Traffic Lanes Weather Availability of NAVAIDS 海底类型 接近航行危险 靠近附近船只 靠近通航分道 天气状况 助航设施可用性

4. Part Two Coastal and Ocean Navigation The laser line scan system based on the optical triangulation principle. 激光线扫描系统基于光学三角测量原理。 Introduction vocabulary coastal navigation 沿海航行，沿岸航行 triangulation [trai7AN^ju5leiFEn] n.三角测量，分成三角形 visibility [7vizi5biliti] n. 能见度 prominent [5prCminEnt] adj.突出的，显著的 vast [vB:st] adj. 宽广的，广阔的，巨大的 signpost [5saInpEJst] n. 路标 destination [7desti5neiFEn] n. 目的地，目的港 electronic equipment 电子设备 precisely [prI5saIslI] adv. 精确地，准确地 It is important that China play an increasingly prominent role on climate change

5. Coastal navigation can be used to find a vessel’s position when it is near the shoreline. Determining a position relies on finding the bearing (direction) to known points which are visible on the shore.Knowing the bearing to any two points allows the navigator to plot on the chart a position or fix by triangulation. From that point, the distance to any other object or a turning point can be determined. By plotting a series of fixes, and recording the time, the speed of the vessel can also be determined. 只要获知任何两点的方位，驾驶员都可以通过三角测量在海图上标绘出位置或船位。

6. During periods of good visibility any prominent points of land or other marks can be used to find position. At night, the lights and buoys can be used to obtain position fixes. During ocean navigation, much of the work done on ships is done far from the sight of land. The ocean is vast and there are no signposts to show directions to destinations.

7. The navigator is responsible for knowing where the ship is and for obeying the “Rules of the Road” for ships. Marine navigation is the process of locating a position on the ocean and using that knowledge to travel safely. It is a science which has been used by mariners for thousands of years. Although modern navigators use electronic equipment which can locate positions precisely anywhere on the globe, ancient navigators used a variety of methods to sail thousands of kilometers out to sea and return safely. Rules of the Road = Rules of the Road at Sea 相当于COLREG International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 国际海上避碰规则

8. Passage One Aids to Navigation System Vocabulary aids to navigation = navigational aids 助航设施 stationary [5steiF(E)nEri] adj.静止的，不动的 day beacon 昼标 daymark [5deimB:k] n. 昼标 intensity [in5tensiti] n. 强度，亮度，密集度 lantern [5lAntEn] n. 灯，灯笼 distinctive [dis5tiNktiv] adj.明显的，出众的，不同的 accurately [5Akjuritli] adv.准确地，精确地 characteristic [7kAriktE5ristik] n. 性质，特质，特性 convey [kEn5vei] vt.传递，传达，运输 The Earth is surrounded by many stationary satellites transmitting signals back to us. This train conveys over one thousand passengers every day.

9. a light totally eclipsed at regular intervals, the duration of light always being greaterthan the duration of darkness. eclipse [i5klips] n. 灯光的消逝，灯塔的遮暗间歇 vt.遮蔽，掩蔽 occulting light 明暗光 flashing light 闪光灯 isophase light 等明暗光 headland [5hedlEnd] n.陡岬 isolated dangers 孤立危险，孤立障碍物 geographic range 地理射程 uneconomical [5Qn7i:kE5nCmikEl] adj.不经济的，不节俭的 impractical [im5prAktikEl] adj.不实用的，不切实际的 mount [maunt] vt. 安放，安装 watertight [5wC:tEtait] adj.水密的 upright [5Qp5rait] adj. 正浮的，直立的 flashes at regular intervals, the duration of light being equal to the duration of darkness. I was taken in by the salesman-the car turned out to be uneconomical and unreliable. You can make some alterations in the plan in case you find anything impractical.

10. counterweight [5kauntEweit] n.平衡锤 buoy tender 浮筒维修船，航标敷设船 channelward [5tFAnlwC:d] adv. 向着航道地 particulars [pE5tikjulEz] n.细节，船舶规范 buoyage system 航标体系 lateral system 侧标系统 cardinal system 界标系统 approximate [E5prCksimeit] adj.大约的，近似的 representative [7repri5zentEtiv] n. 代表，众议员 adj.代表的，典型的 adopt [E5dCpt] vt.接纳，接受 promote [prE5mEut] vi. vt.促进，促使，提升 recommend [rekE5mend] vt. 建议，推荐 IHO International Hydrographic Organization 国际水道测量组织 The committee ultimately adopted his suggestions. Walking can promote my thinking.

11. Text A beacon is a stationary, visual navigational aid. Large lighthouses and small single-pile structures are both beacons. Lighted beacons are called lights; unlighted beacons are day beacons. All beacons exhibit a daymark of some sort. In the case of a lighthouse, the color and type of structure are the daymarks. 就灯塔而言，颜色和结构类型就是昼标。

12. Lights vary from tall, high intensity coastal lights to battery-powered lanterns on single wooden piles. Immovable, highly visible, and accurately charted fixed lights provide navigators with an excellent source for bearings. The structures are often distinctively colored to aid in identification. A light has distinctive characteristics which distinguish it from other lights or convey specific information. A light may show a distinctive sequence of light and dark intervals. 不可移动的，高度可见且精确图注的固定灯标为驾驶员提供了极好的方位来源。

13. Additionally, a light may display a distinctive color or color sequence. In the Light Lists, the dark intervals are referred to as eclipses. An occulting light is a light totally eclipsed at regular intervals, the duration of light always being greaterthan the duration of darkness. A flashing light is a light which flashes at regular intervals, the duration of light always being lessthan the duration of darkness. An isophase light flashes at regular intervals, the duration of light being equal to the duration of darkness.

14. Lighthouses are placed where they will be of most use: on prominent headlands, at harbor and port entrances, on isolated dangers, or at other points where mariners can best use them to fix their position. The lighthouse’s principal purpose is to support a light at a considerable height above the water, thereby increasing its geographic range. 地理射程

15. 由于水深的原因使安放固定的助航设施变得不经济或不切实际，这种情况下就会使用浮筒。where 在句中是连接副词，引导了一个条件状语从句。 Buoys are floating aids to navigation. They mark channels, indicate shoals and obstructions, and warn the mariner of dangers. Buoys are used where fixed aids would be uneconomical or impractical due to the depth of water. By their color, shape, topmark, number, and light characteristics, buoys indicate the mariner how to avoid hazards and stay in safe water.

16. A lighted buoy is a floating hull with a tower on which a light is mounted. Batteries for the light are in watertight pockets in the buoy hull or in watertight boxes mounted on the buoy hull. To keep the buoy in an upright position, a counterweight is attached to the hull below the water surface. A radar reflector is built into the buoy tower. 平衡锤

17. 因为浮筒敷设船舶不愿越过较浅的沉船或者面临绞缠浮筒链的风险，沉船浮筒一般都不能直接安放在它所要指示的沉船上方。因为浮筒敷设船舶不愿越过较浅的沉船或者面临绞缠浮筒链的风险，沉船浮筒一般都不能直接安放在它所要指示的沉船上方。 A wreck buoy usually cannot be placed directly over the wreck it is intended to mark because the buoy tender may not want to pass over a shallow wreck or risk fouling the buoy mooring. For this reason, a wreck buoy is usually placed as closely as possible on the seaward or channelward side of a wreck. In some situations, two buoys may be used to mark the wreck, one lying off each end.

18. The wreck may lie directly between them or inshore of a line between them, depending on the local situation. The Local Notice to Marinersshould be consulted concerning details of the placement of wreck buoys on individual wrecks. Often it will also give particulars of the wreck and what activities may be in progress to clear it.

19. 侧标系统和界标系统 There are two major types of buoyage systems: the lateral system and the cardinal system. The lateral system is best suited for well-defined channels. The description of each buoy indicates the direction of danger relative to the course which is normally followed. In principle, the positions of marks in the lateral system are determined by the general directiontaken by the mariner when approaching port from seaward. 原则上讲，侧标体系中的位置标记基本上都是由船舶从海洋驶向港口的总流向来确定的。

20. The cardinal system is best suited for coasts with numerous isolated rocks, shoals, and islands, and for dangers in the open sea. The characteristic of each buoy indicates the approximate true bearing of the danger it marks. Thus, an eastern quadrant buoy marks a danger which lies to the west of the buoy. 每个浮筒的特点都显示了它所标示危险的大约真方位。因此，东象限浮筒表示危险在它的西侧。

21. 国际航标协会是一个非政府组织，由世界助航设施委员会的代表组成，旨在促进信息交流，在新技术的基础上推介改进措施。国际航标协会是一个非政府组织，由世界助航设施委员会的代表组成，旨在促进信息交流，在新技术的基础上推介改进措施。 The International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) is a non-governmental organization which consists of representatives of the worldwide community of aids to navigation services to promote information exchange and recommend improvements based on new technologies. In 1980, with the assistance of IMO and IHO, the lighthouse authorities from 50 countries and representatives of 9 international organizations concerned with aids to navigation met and adopted the IALA Maritime Buoyage System. They established two regions, Region A and Region B, for the entire world.

22. IALA Maritime Buoyage System Navigation Aids During the IALA conference in November 1980 two navigation marking systems, ie the System A (red colour for the left hand of the ship) and the System B (red colour for the right hand of the ship), were combined into one - the IALA System.In the IALA System the regional (of the systems A and B) principle of painting of the lateral signs was maintained. The countries that accepted the red colour for the left hand lateral sings were included in the region A. The countries that use the green colour for the left hand lateral signs were included in the region B. In the both regions, the fairway direction is the one leading from the sea (when a different manner is used than an adequate

23. notice is provided). Following to the division into the IALA System regions, marine maps contain respective notice, ie the "IALA System Region A" or the "IALA System Region B".

24. The IALA System has five types of signs that are used in various associations. The signs have specific identification elements that make them easily recognizable to the sailors. The lateral signs in the Regions A and B are different, but the other four signs are common for these both regions. The lateral buoys and marks are placed according to the direction accepted for marking of the right and left side of the fairway. In the Region A, during the day and night, the green colour is used to mark the right side of the fairway, and the red colour - to mark the left side.

25. Region A is also called red to port, because red buoys are on the port (left) side of the channel and green buoys are on the starboard (right) side when entering a harbour (reverse when departing). The ship must pass between them for safety, keeping the red buoy on her port side and the green one on the starboard side. Region B is exactly the opposite, and is remembered as red to starboard, which means that green buoys mark the port (left) side of the channel and red buoys mark the starboard (right) side of the channel when entering a harbour (reverse when departing). The ship must pass between them for safety, keeping the green buoy on her port side and the red one on the starboard side. For easy identification, the shapes of the buoys in both regions are different, as can be seen from the diagrams. The topmarks (the small shape at the top of each buoy) are also distinctive and different. At night, the lights on each buoy are different as well.

26. Lateral buoys

28. Tell us that the deepest water occurs at the side of the marks name. They are placed to the north, south, east or west from a point of interest, like a wreck. They are painted in horizontal yellow and black stripes, and are of four types. North Cardinal, East Cardinal, South Cardinal and West Cardinal buoy. A North cardinal buoy has deepest water North of the buoy, and so a ship must always pass north of the buoy, keeping it to the south. Same for the others. The pic on the right gives details of all the cardinal buoys with a central point of interest (a wreck). The direction of North is up the page. The colours, topmarks and lights (at night) of each are distinctive. We should pass North of the North cardinal buoy, East of the East Cardinal buoy, and so on.

29. Cardinal buoys

31. Safe water buoy A safe water buoy tells us that there is safe (deep) water all round the buoy. A ship can pass any side of it.

33. Isolated danger buoy An isolated danger buoy indicates there is a danger in the immediate vicinity of the buoy, like a wreck. Ships should keep well clear of it.

35. special buoy (left) indicates a special area or an object mentioned on charts or in other nautical documents and publications. On their own, they may not have great navigational significance.

37. A summary of what we have learned today. Home work. • Review the text. • Keep the new words and expressions in mind. • 3. Preview next part of the text.