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Mental illness

Mental illness. What is Normal?. Psychopathology: Scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Subjective Discomfort: Feelings of anxiety, depression, or emotional distress.

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Mental illness

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  1. Mental illness

  2. What is Normal? • Psychopathology: Scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. • Subjective Discomfort: Feelings of anxiety, depression, or emotional distress. • Statistical Abnormality: Having extreme scores on some dimension, such as intelligence, anxiety, or depression. • Social Nonconformity: Disobeying societal standards for normal conduct: usually leads to destructive or self-destructive behavior. • Situational Context: Social situation, behavioral setting, or general circumstance in which an action takes place • Cultural Relativity: Judgments are made relative to the values of one’s culture • The Medical Model: Mental Illness is treated as a physical disease.

  3. Diagnosing Mental Illness • Difficult for even professionals • Case Study

  4. General Risk Factors for Contracting Mental Illness • Social Conditions: Poverty, homelessness, overcrowding, stressful living conditions. • Family Factors: Parents who are immature, mentally ill, abusive, or criminal: poor child discipline: severe marital or relationship problems • Psychological Factors: Low intelligence, stress, learning disorders . • Biological Factors: Genetic defects or inherited vulnerabilities: poor prenatal care, head injuries, exposure to toxins, chronic physical illness, or disability

  5. Stereotypes of Psychological Disorders • Psychological Disorders are a sign of personal weakness. • Psychological disorders are incurable. • People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous. • People with psychological disorder behave in bizarre ways and are very different from normal people.

  6. Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders DSM-IV-TR (text revision)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision • criteria, descriptions and other information to guide the classification and diagnosis of mental disorders was published in 2000 replacing DSM-IV. It is expected that DSM-V will replace DSM-IV-TR sometime in the future. This revision of the fourth edition of the manual published by the American Psychiatric Association to set forth diagnostic guidelines.

  7. History of the DSM • DSM-I 1952 (describe 60 disorders) • DSM-II 1968 • DSM-III 1980 (Multiaxial system) • DSM-III-R 1988 • DSM-IV 1993 • DSM- IV-TR 2000 (Over 200 disorders)

  8. Multiaxial System • Axis I: Major clinical syndrome • Axis II: Personality and developmental disorders • Axis III: Physical Disorders and conditions • Axis IV Severity of psychosocial stressors • Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale

  9. A multiaxial evaluationPatient: 58 year old male • Axis I: Major depression, alcohol dependence • Axis II: Dependent Personality disorder • Axis III: Alcoholic cirrhosis of liver • Axis IV: Severity: 3 (moderate) Anticipated retirement and change in residence, with loss of contact with friends • Axis V:GAF 44 Highest in in past year :55

  10. Overview of Mental Disorders in DSM-IV Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence Mental Retardation, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Delirium, Dementia, and Cognitive Disorders Medical emergencies, Alzheimer’s, Amnesia Mental Disorders due to a General Medical Condition “Organic”; Hypothyroidism, Infection, Anemia, Cancer Substance-Related Disorders Abuse vs. Dependence, Intoxication, Withdrawal , Persisting Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia subtypes, Delusional Disorder, Psychosis NOS

  11. Overview of Mental Disorders in DSM-IV (cont’d) Mood Disorders Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PTSD, Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorder, Hypochondriasis, Pain Disorder Factitious Disorders Munchausen’s vs. Malingering

  12. Overview of Mental Disorders in DSM-IV (cont’d) Dissociative Disorders “Multiple Personality Disorder”, Fugue, Amnesia Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Dysfunction, Paraphilias, Transvestite vs. “Transsexual” Eating Disorders Anorexia, Bulimia Sleep Disorders Dyssomnia, Narcolepsy, Parasomnia (Terrors, Sleepwalking) Impulse-Control Disorders Kleptomania, Pyromania, IED, Pathological Gambling

  13. Axis I Major Clinical Syndrome • Disorders usually first evident in infancy , childhood or adolescence.(ADD, Bulimia and anorexia) • Organic Mental disorder: Temporary or permanent dysfunction of brain tissue caused by diseases or chemicals. • Psychoactive substance use disorders • Schizophrenic Disorders: (Grossly disorganized behavior, delusions, and hallucinations) • Delusional disorder: • Mood Disorder • Anxiety disorders • Somatoform disorders • Dissociative disorders • Psychosexual disorder Back

  14. Axis II: Personality and Developmental Disorders • Personality Disorders: Disorders are patterns of personality traits that are longstanding, maladaptive, and inflexible and involve impaired functioning or subjective distress • Specific Developmental disorders : Autism, Mental retardation, reading, writing and arithmetic disorders Back

  15. Axis IIIPhysical disorders and conditions • Physical disorders or conditions are recorded on this axis. • Examples: Diabetes, arthrities, and hemophilia Back

  16. Axis IVSeverity of Psychosocial stressors (back)

  17. Axis VGlobal Assessment of Functioning Scale • 90-Absent or minimal symptoms, good functioning in all areas • 60 Moderate symptoms or difficulty in social , occupational, or school functioning. • 30 Behavior considerably influenced by delusions or hallucinations, serious impairment in communication or judgment, or inability to function in almost all areas • 10 Persistent danger of severely hurting self or others BACK

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