Male Genitalia Analysis: Structures and Evolution

3. 46 Characters in analysis: • 29 based on male genitalia • 15 based on male valve

4. The male scent system consists of a (1) fascicle of long scent scales, a (2) lever system that deploys the androconial brush during courtship, an (3) apodeme associated with the lever, a (4) pheromone-releasing gland, a (5) pocket on the side of the third and fourth abdominal segments that receives the brush at rest, plus (6) all the associated musculature and innervation. Cerma cerintha

5. Abdominal Brush Organ in Cerma cerintha Fibiger and Lafontaine 2005 Char. 6 = abdominal coremata in Fibiger and Lafontaine 2005

6. swim bladder lung gut diverticula

7. The Outgroup Rule: given two character states within a monophyletic group, the state also found in the outgroup is plesiomorphic, whereas that found only in the ingroup is apomorphic. Transformation series: a ----> a'

8. ingroup = study group outgroup = any taxon of equal or higher rank outside ingroup sister group: outgroup taxon that shares the most recent common ancestor with the ingroup. --same rank as ingroup --therefore same age --extinct lineages (true sister lineages) may be ignored --use closest available taxon for comparative statements

11. Harrisimemna Cerma Raphia frater COI, 657 bp MrBayes, GTR+G+I, 3 million generations Partitioned by codon Panthea acronyctoides Acronicta afflicta Acronicta retardata1 Acronicta retardata2 1.00 Acronicta dactylina1 1.00 Acronicta dactylina2 Acronicta americana1 Acronicta dactylina1 1.00 Acronicta americana2 1.00 Acronicta funeralis1 0.96 Acronicta funeralis2 1.00 Acronicta oblinita1 1.00 Acronicta oblinita2 Simyra henrici1 0.99 Simyra henrici2 1.00 Acronicta fragilis1 Simyra henrici1 Acronicta fragilis2 1.00 1.00 Acronicta interrupta 0.58 1.00 Acronicta hasta1 0.98 0.99 Acronicta hasta2 1.00 Acronicta lobeliae Acronicta superans1 0.57 1.00 Acronicta superans2 0.84 Acronicta vinnula1 1.00 Acronicta vinnula2 0.85 Acronicta grisea1 1.00 Acronicta grisea2 Harrisimemna trisignata1 Harrisimemna trisignata2 1.00 Comachara cadburyi Polygrammate hebraeicum1 0.69 1.00 1.00 Polygrammate hebraeicum2 0.88 Cerma cerintha1 1.00 Cerma cerintha2 Cerma cora2 1.00 1.00 Cerma cora1 0.1

12. Harrisimemna Cerma Plusia putnami COI, 657 bp MrBayes, GTR+G+I, 6 million generations Partitioned by codon Eudryas grata Harrisimemna trisignata1 Harrisimemna trisignata2 1.00 Acronicta funeralis1 1.00 Acronicta funeralis2 Acronicta retardata1 1.00 Acronicta retardata2 Acronicta americana1 1.00 Acronicta americana2 Acronicta dactylina1 1.00 Acronicta dactylina2 1.00 Acronicta oblinita1 1.00 Acronicta oblinita2 0.96 Simyra henrici1 Simyra henrici2 1.00 Comachara cadburyi Polygrammate hebraeicum1 1.00 Polygrammate hebraeicum2 1.00 0.77 Cerma cerintha1 0.95 Cerma cerintha2 1.00 0.99 Cerma cora2 1.00 Cerma cora1 Acronicta afflicta Raphia frater 0.70 0.93 Panthea acronyctoides Acronicta interrupta Acronicta hasta1 1.00 Acronicta hasta2 0.99 1.00 Acronicta lobeliae 0.65 Acronicta superans1 1.00 Acronicta superans2 Acronicta fragilis1 0.63 1.00 Acronicta fragilis2 Miracavira brillians Acronicta vinnula1 0.51 1.00 Acronicta vinnula2 Acronicta grisea1 0.50 1.00 Acronicta grisea2 0.1

13. "Without getting involved in the controversy concerning recapitulation, it is nevertheless an empirical observation that characters acquired more recently during phylogeny often appear correspondingly later in ontogeny. Like nearly all general rules in biology, there are exceptions to this observation, particularly in regard to larval stages that have been drastically modified for occupation of special niches." Mayr and Ashlock (1991) Haeckel’s Biogenetic Law: “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.” von Baer’s Law: “Development proceeds from the general to the special. [The early embryonic stages of related organisms are identical; distinguishing features are added later as heterogeneity differentiates from heterogeneity.]

15. Sap-feeding instar of Neurostrota gunniella Tissue-feeding instar of Neurostrota gunniella