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Chapter 16

Chapter 16. States of Matter. Sec. 1: Kinetic Theory. Kinetic Theory —an explanation of how particles in matter behave. There are 3 assumptions of kinetic theory: All matter is made of small particles These particles are in constant motion

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Chapter 16

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  1. Chapter 16 States of Matter

  2. Sec. 1: Kinetic Theory • Kinetic Theory—an explanation of how particles in matter behave. There are 3 assumptions of kinetic theory: • All matter is made of small particles • These particles are in constant motion • The particles collide with each other and the walls of their container.

  3. Solid State • The particles of a solid are closely packed together. • Most solids have a specific geometric arrangement. • You can tell the chemical and physical properties of a solid based on the type of arrangement that a solid forms. • Solids have a definite shape and volume.

  4. Liquid State • Liquids form at a melting point—the temp. that a solid begins to liquefy. • Particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than in a solid—they are moving faster. • These particles can slide past each other allowing liquids to flow and take the shape of their container. • Liquids have a definite volume, but no definite shape.

  5. Gas State • Particles in a gas have more kinetic energy than in a liquid. • A liquid becomes a gas through evaporation or boiling. • Gas particles have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractions between them. • Gases have no definite shape or volume. • They can spread apart to fill the container they are in. • Diffusion—the spreading out of particles throughout a volume until they are uniformly distributed.

  6. States of Matter

  7. Plasma State • Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe. • Plasma—matter consisting of positive and negative particles at very high temperatures. • When gases get very hot, the faster the particles move, and the greater the force is when they collide. • This forces the electrons to be pulled off. • All stars (including the sun) consist of plasma. • Plasma is also found in lightning, neon light tubes, and auroras.

  8. Expansion of Matter • As the temperature of particles increases, the particles move faster and separate. • The separation of particles causes the whole object to expand. • Thermal Expansion—an increase in the size of a substance when temperature increases. • Examples: • Solid: Expansion joints in sidewalks • Liquid: Thermometer • Gas: Hot air balloon

  9. Water: The Exception • Water is an exception to thermal expansion because liquid water expands as it is cooled into a solid. • Water molecules are unusual because they have highly positive areas and highly negative areas. • As the molecules move closer, the unlike charges are attracted. • This causes some empty spaces in the structure. • The empty space in ice is larger than in liquid water.

  10. Solid or Liquid? • Some substances have unusual behavior. • They have properties of both solids and liquids. • Amorphous solids—solids that lack the ordered structure found in crystals. • Examples: Glass and plastic • Liquid Crystals—start to flow as they melt, but do not lose their ordered arrangement completely • Examples: Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) in watches, calculators, computers, and TVs.

  11. Buoyancy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkT3ulsGWyA&feature=PlayList&p=087CE258DB85E875&index=8

  12. Sec. 2: Properties of Fluids • Buoyancy—the ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it. • This is what causes ships to float. • Archimedes’ Principle—the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. • An object will float if its density is less than the density of the fluid it is placed in.

  13. Pascal’s Principle • Pressure—force exerted per unit area • Pressure = Force/Area P = F/A • Pascal’s Principle—pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid. • Example: you squeeze 1 end of a toothpaste tube, toothpaste comes out the other end.

  14. Bernoulli’s Principle • Bernoulli’s principle describes how people were able to build a machine that can fly. • Bernoulli’s Principle—as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases. • Airplane wings were designed to reduce pressure above the wings.

  15. Fluid Flow • Viscosity—a resistance to flow by a liquid. • Example: Take syrup out of the fridge, pour it, and it flows slowly; heat it up, and it flows faster. • Cold syrup has high viscosity; warm syrup has low viscosity. • A rise in temp. increases the movement of particles in any substance.

  16. Caltech: The Mechanical Universe - 45 - Temperature and Gas Laws

  17. Sec 3: Behavior of Gases • Boyle’s Law—when volume is decreased, pressure is increased (and vice versa) as long as temperature is constant. • The equation for Boyle’s Law is • P1V1 = P2V2 • The subscript 1 represents initial pressure and volume, and the 2 represents final P & V. • The unit for pressure is pascals & the unit for volume is liters.

  18. The Pressure-Temperature Law • As temperature increases, the pressure increases too (and vice versa) • This is why you should keep pressurized spray canisters away from heat.

  19. Charles’s Law • Charles’s Law—the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature (and vice versa) • The equation for Charles’s Law is • V1 = V2 T1 T2 • Again, 1 is initial, and 2 is final. • Volume is in liters and temp. must be in Kelvin

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