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Chapter 18

Chapter 18. Tu Bui, Dan Wu, Jake Waxman. Political. Enlightened absolutism- new type of monarchy that emerged in late 1700s, based on rulers governing by enlightened principles Ex: Frederick II, Joseph II, etc Religious toleration, freedom of speech, rulers enforcing laws fairly and equally

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Chapter 18

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  1. Chapter 18 Tu Bui, Dan Wu, Jake Waxman

  2. Political • Enlightened absolutism- new type of monarchy that emerged in late 1700s, based on rulers governing by enlightened principles • Ex: Frederick II, Joseph II, etc • Religious toleration, freedom of speech, rulers enforcing laws fairly and equally • However limited by political and social realities

  3. France • Cardinal Fleury- pulled France back from foreign adventures, balanced budget • Louis XV -Madame de Pompadour • Louis XVI-left France in a worsened financial crisis, discontent of monarchy

  4. Great Britain (United Kingdom) • Hanoverians-new dynasty in Britain in which crown was offered to Protestant rulers of a German state • Parliament power grows • Robert Walpole • William Pitt the Elder-promoted expansion of British empire

  5. Prussia • Frederick William I of Prussia further developed the army and bureaucracy (General Directory) • Junkers had monopoly over officer corps of Prussian Army • Frederick II the Great believed that king is “first servant of the state”

  6. Austria • Maria Theresa wanted to reform Austrian empire • Joseph II wanted to enhance Habsburg power through complete reforms of reason • Abolished serfdom, religious tolerations, etc • new policies alienated all groups

  7. Russia • Catherine the Great- wanted to reform based on Enlightenment ideas • oppressive policies on peasants led to revolt • Emelyn Pugachev led the revolt against taxes and forced military service, failed

  8. Wars of Absolutism • The War of Austrian Succession • Prussia invaded Silesia (part of Austria) while Austria was dealing with having a female ruler (Maria Theresa) • Prussia & France vs. Britain, Austria & Russia. • Was fought in Europe, North America, Asia • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended war, everyone got what they started with, but Prussia got to keep Silesia

  9. Wars of Absolutism • The 7 Year’s War • MT of Austria refused to accept loss, allied with France…somehow… against Britain & Prussia (switched sides) • 7 Year’s War became was between Britain & France in North America, Europe, & India • Fight for dominance in colonialism, who would become the leading colonial power • Britain won, gained most French possessions in India & North America

  10. Wars of Absolutism • The Partition of Poland • Poland had a VERY weak monarch, & scheming nobles  • 3 rivals: Austria, Prussia, Russia, were expanding & headed towards war • Decided to divvy up Poland between them to avoid war. • Bye, bye Poland.

  11. Economics • Agriculture Revolution • 4 Factors: • more farmland, abandon openfield system, started field rotation and enclosed fields • increased yields, • healthier livestock, • improved climate • new crops: potato and maize (from Americas) • ***English were leaders in taking up new techniques

  12. Eco…continued • NEW Methods of Finance: • (bckrnd): A decline of gold and silver in the seventeenth cen. created shortage of $$$ ->creation of banks • -Epitome: Bank of England, • first to give loans on credit • ->created a notion of "national debt" distinct from the monarch's personal debt. • Fail: John Law's Bank in France/J.L's Bubble: • >result: lack of trust in paper money in France and prevented formation of national bank • ->consequently slow economic movement in France

  13. Eco..continued • Cottage Industry: • "domestic" (Family based) system/cottage system: merchant-capitalist bought raw material to rural workers -> merchants sell finished product • New methods/machines: introduction of cotton • ->new market • New cotton machines: flying shuttle, waterframe ...Etc (refer to chpt 20)

  14. ART • Aristocracy: • Country House: • -built in Georgian style • -fulfilled a new desire for greater privacy • -influenced by the classical Venetian architect Andrea Palladio • Grand Tour: travel the world • -cosmopolitanism, reinforced by education in Latin classics and use of French • -English regard the grand tour as crucial to their education

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