Recent headlines:

1. The New Dad: Right at HomeDr. Brad HarringtonBoston College Center for Work & Family National At-Home Fathers ConferenceOctober 20, 2112, Alexandria, VA

2. Recent headlines: • Behind Every Great Woman: As more women earn high-level corporate roles, more husbands are staying home, raising the kids, & changing the rules, BusinessWeekJanuary, 2012 • Young Women are More Career Driven than Young Men, New York Times, Article based on Pew Research Center, April 2012 • Men Choosing Fatherhood Over Careers, Forbes, May, 2012 • The New Yorker, Cover art depicts a woman with a stroller entering a playground and every other parent in the playground is a man, May, 2012 • Are Dads the New Moms?, Wall Street Journal, May, 2012

3. Changes for women and families… • Women now near 50% of US workforce • Women earn 60% of AA, BA & master’s degrees • 75% of married couples with children under 15 are dual-career couples, • Women in dual-earner couples contributed more than 40% of family income; 25% of women earn more than their spouse • Of 15 jobs with greatest projected growth rate in next decade, 12 are dominated by women

4. Young Women / Men Don’t Differ in Desire for Jobs with More Responsibility (1992 – 2008) Sources: 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce (NSCW), Families and Work Institute (FWI)

5. Men feel more w-f conflict than women (National Study of the Changing Workforce by Galinsky, Aumann, and Bond, 2008)

6. Background of our work on fathers • Things changing fast for women, men & families • Over 95% of research, practitioners, consumers, and interest in work/ family focused on women • Research was beginning to suggest that men were struggling as much or more than women • I was in unique position to begin to address and be a spokesman on this issue • So we made commitment to conduct research and bring greater attention and understanding to this area

7. The New Dad (2010) • The Center for Work & Family conducted a qualitative study of 33 new fathers • First-time fathers, children’s age ~11 months • Became The New Dad: Exploring Fatherhood within a Career Context • This report garnered tremendous media attention but we wanted to increase our sample and broaden research to more fathers • We also wanted to better understand and quantify what was happening

8. The New Dad: Caring, Committed & Conflicted (2011) • Quantitative study: 963 respondents from four Fortune 500 companies • National sample of “white collar” fathers • 97% were managers/ salaried workers • 87% held at least an Associates degree, 77% at least bachelor’s, 35% master’s degree or more • 76% earned more than $75,000, 44% over $100,000 • Average age: 42.6, range from 25-65. • 81% White, 7% Black, 5% Hispanic, 4% Asian,

9. Comparison of Education Levels

10. Time off after most recent child By contrast, most professional mothers take 2-6 months leave

11. Comparison of Workweeks

12. Career Aspirations

13. What about fathers intentions? • From outset, bias is woman is primary caregiver • That said, how do fathers feel about their role to caregiving and their commitment to it? • Average hours spent with kids on workday: 2.65 • 77% said like to spend more time with children, 22% satisfied, 1% said less (the last honest men?) • 86% agreed that “My children are the number one priority in my life • And few saw “Breadwinner” as the most important role

14. How Father’s see their role

15. What Makes a Good Father?

16. How should / is care giving divided?

17. Becoming a father, a winner at work … • Research shows mothers receive mixed messages about career-family and are perceived as less committed, promotable, & competent • New fathers receive universally positive workplace feedback after becoming a parent • Organizations are not confronted with real change when men become fathers: • 96% said managers expect the same • 99% worked full-time after the birth • 4% took 2 weeks off, 1% took 4 weeks

18. Conflict and Enrichment

19. Importance of a supportive workplace

20. Being stay-at-home Dad a possibility? • In our qualitative study (2010) many fathers said that being a stay-at-home dad was a possibility they had considered however … • … only 2 of 33 fathers saw it as a realistic option • For most, finances was major stumbling block, but many said it was difficult to see themselves in that role or accept how others might perceive them • So we tentatively concluded most fathers felt like this guy ….

22. But perhaps we were wrong …. • According to our new study: • 2/3 of the fathers said agreed with the statement “To me, work is only a small part of who I am.” • Only 16% supported the statement that “Most of my interests are centered on work.” And …. • 53% agreed that: “If my spouse made enough money for our family to live on comfortably, I would feel okay if I didn’t work outside the home.” • …which they picture as …

23. The New Dad: Right at Home (2012) Reasons for studying this population to explore: • Growing number of at-home Dads • Percent increased over decade of 2001-2011 from 1.7% to 3.4% of all at-home parents (from 81,000 to 176,000) • Dad may be primary caregiver for 2 million kids • Wanted to better understand fathers in caregiver role, more the norm in the future • Impact on women in the workplace • Impact on fathers in the workplace

24. The New Dad: Right at Home 31 in-depth interviews with at-home fathers Sample description:

25. Decision to become an at-home dad • 30% of dads had been laid-off, 70% had made a conscious choice (even the 30% was overstated) • Long work hours/large workloads prompted some to make the decision or welcome the lay-off • Two major considerations • Financial circumstances, pragmatism • Values regarding how children should be raised

26. Challenges: Like Mothers’ but more so ... • Most happy with their role • Transition can be challenging • Social isolation can be difficult and loss of adult network can be difficult • Some worry about the long-term career implications

27. Definition of a good father • Presence/involvement (19): “not just being there, but emotionally and psychologically [being] present for your children” [Gerald] • Shaping character/leading by example/teaching (10): “it’s important to understand them and help them become the person that they want to be; you need to model the behavior you want to see” [Drew] • Love/emotional support (6): “the measure of my success as a father is bound up in loving my children and my wife, and receiving love from them in truly reciprocal, mutual, growing relationships” [Ryan] • Fostering development (4): “being there for the emotional and psychological development of your child is very important” [Jesse] • Safe environment (4): “creating a place at home where you, your wife, your kids can all feel like they are safe” [Charles] • Childcare (2): “contributes to the day-to-day chores and tasks of raising a child” [Grant]

28. Negative reactions from others • Saw this as a temporary situation, not a long-term commitment • Some, especially family, expressed concerns about family finances • Judgment about men’s incompetence • Perception of strangers, sometimes “suspicious” • Excluded from “mother” activities

29. Career Implications • In most cases, the father’s professional career plans for the future were unclear • Whatever role they did seek, it needed to integrate roles as caregiver and breadwinner • Flexibility in future roles would be crucial • Knew re-entry will be a challenge - like at-home moms but feared even greater scrutiny “I'm worried that this long break will prevent Grant from working again, which is a difficult thought. He's young, smart, talented and well-educated. I really hope that this sacrifice doesn't jeopardize his future career prospects.” -Wife of at-home dad

30. Impact on Family • Families are thriving • Special father-child bonds developed • Spouses jealous at times • Relationships are stronger “The peace of mind that comes with having Frank home is as I expected it to be. What has surprised me is the unwavering dedication Frank has to parenting. He's not just making sure the kids don't kill themselves; he's committed to what I would call real, "old fashioned" parenting. The kind of parenting that I think most people envy, he does it every day and - thanks to him - our kids are awesome! “ -Wife of at-home dad

31. Impact on spouses’ careers • Allowed their partners to have flexibility and increased focus at work • Diminished their worries about the quality of care that their children were receiving The good thing about our situation is that she can go to work and feel one hundred percent confident that the kids are going to get fed lunches and if they need to go the doctor they'll be there, if there are any appointments it will get taken care of. So I think because of that she is better able to be a working woman and know that she can tell her boss and co-workers that, “Hey, I'm here for you. I'm not going to have to leave.” -Gerald

32. Spouses’ perspective • E-mail survey to spouses: 74% responded • Spouses highly positive about having their partner at home full-time: ”grateful”, “fortunate”, “blessed” • Struggles for some re: traditional gender roles • Freedom to pursue career I'm proud to tell people that I have an at-home-dad for a husband and that I'm the breadwinner. I'm also really happy that we each are so good at what we do. There's no competition over which role is more important, or even regret that we each aren't doing what the other one does. We're genuinely happy in our respective roles and content with our division of labor. -Wife of at-home dad

33. Conclusions • In spite of media “hype” regarding laid off fathers re-inventing themselves as full-time caregivers, this image does not match the data or our experiences in speaking with the at-home fathers. • At-home fathers were clear that this was a choice they made, not simply a reaction to economic circumstances • Feelings of social isolation and stigma regarding the role of at-home parent are even greater for men than women. • At-home dads make very good parents. • At-home fathers are not simply stepping up to their responsibilities (conflict paraigm); they are increasing the fundamental sense of meaning in their lives.

34. Conclusions Related to women: • The overwhelming response from wives was that having an at-home spouse had enabled these women to pursue their careers in a much more assertive manner without worrying about the limitations that virtually all working mothers experience. • Until women and men share equally in caregiving in their families, or until an equal number of men decide to play the role of primary caregiver or at-home dad, it is unlikely that women will achieve parity at the most senior levels of organizations. The 3.4% dilemma!

35. Recommendations for employers • Recognize fathers’ increasing role in families and caregiving. Let go of the simplistic notion: Father = Breadwinner • Provide flexibility to enhance employee engagement, loyalty, productivity and wellness • Understand women’s ability to ascend to highest ranks within organizations may be dependent on critical role of an at-home spouse (or at least the primary caregiver)

36. Recommendations for fathers and families • Beware: Isolation, career derailment, and even social stigma are often attached to being an at-home parent. Develop support systems! • The decision for the father to stay home and become the primary caregiver can be beneficial for your family and your spouse (and her career) • Don’t shy-away from being an at-home dad. It may prove to be the most meaningful job, you’ve ever had!