AKT211 – CAO 01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture

1. AKT211 – CAO01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture Ghifar Parahyangan Catholic University August 22, 2011

2. Outline • What is computer architecture? • What is computer organization? • Computer function & structure • Instruction cycle

3. Architecture People about computer architecture : • Baer : “The design of the integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer” • Hayes : “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers” • Foster : “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with”

4. Architecture(2) The different usages of the term: • The design of a computer’s CPU architecture, instruction set, addressing modes • Description of the requirements (especially speeds and interconnection requirements) or design implementation for the various parts of a computer. (such as memory, motherboard, electronic peripherals, or most commonly the CPU) • Architecture is often defined as the set of machine attributes that a programmer should understand in order to successfully program the specific computer In general, computer architecture refers to attributes of the system visible to a programmer, that have a direct impact on the execution of a program

5. Architecture vs Organization • Architecture is those features/attributesvisible to the programmer • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? • Organization is the hardware implementation of features/attributes • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

6. Structure & Function • Structure : the way in which components are interrelated • Function : the operation of individual components as part of the structure

7. Functional View

8. Function Computer main functions : • Data processing • Data storage • Data movement • Control

9. Operation a) Data Movement

10. Operation b) Storage

11. Operation c) Processing from/to storage

12. Operation d) Processing from storage to I/O

13. Structure – Top Level

14. Structure – Top Level (2) • CPU (Central Processing Unit) • controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions • Main Memory • stores data • Input/Output (I/O) • moves data between the computer and its external environment • System interconnection • mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O • transferring data via Bus

15. Structure – The CPU

16. Structure – the CPU(2) • Control Unit • controls the operation of the CPU • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) • performs the computer’s data processing functions • Registers • provides storage internal to the CPU • CPU interconnection • mechanism that provides for communication among control unit, ALU, and registers

17. Structure – the Control Unit

18. Structure – Top Level Components

19. Instruction Cycle • 2 steps : • Fetch • Execute

20. Fetch Cycle • Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch • Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC • Increment PC unless instructed otherwise • Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR) • Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions

21. Execute Cycle • Processor-memory • data transfer between CPU and main memory • Processor I/O • Data transfer between CPU and I/O module • Data processing • Some arithmetic or logical operation on data • Control • Alteration of sequence of operations, e.g. jump • Combination of above

22. Instruction Cycle – State Diagram

23. Summary • What is computer architecture? • What is computer organization? • Computer function & structure • 4 main functions of computer • the top level structure of computer • the functions of computer’s basic components • Instruction cycle • 2 steps

24. Any Question ?

25. 7 Minutes Review • What are the differences between computer architecture and organization? Give your own brief and clear explanation. • In your opinion, what is your expectation after studying today’s material ? What are the advantages ?

26. THANK YOU