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Clonorchis sinensis

Clonorchis sinensis. by Albert Teo & Doug Mandler. Taxonomy . Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Platyhelminthes Class : Trematoda Order : Opisthorchiida Family : Opisthorchiidae Genus : Clonorchis Species : C. sinensis

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Clonorchis sinensis

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  1. Clonorchis sinensis by Albert Teo & Doug Mandler

  2. Taxonomy Kingdom : AnimaliaPhylum : PlatyhelminthesClass : TrematodaOrder : OpisthorchiidaFamily : OpisthorchiidaeGenus : ClonorchisSpecies : C. sinensis *A quick note – Clonorchis sinensis was given its own genus by Looss because of the parasites branched testes as apposed to the Opisthorchis lobed testes

  3. Brief Introduction to C. sinensis • “Oriental Liver Fluke” • Food born parasite • 601 million people are currently at risk, 570 million of which live in China and Taiwan. • An estimated 30 million people are infected with C. sinensis. • The parasite may live up to 45 years in in humans.

  4. Question! • Why is Clonorchis sinensis known as the ‘Chinese/Oriental’ liver fluke? • Because out of the 601 million, 570 million are Chinese and Taiwanese. It is found predominantly in the regions of the world that raw fish is a delicacy.

  5. Geographic Distribution • Japan • Korea • China • Taiwan • Vietnam

  6. Definitive Hosts • Any fish eating mammals • Humans • Humans are an incidental host, the natural definitive hosts are those that fallow in this list • Pigs • Dogs • Cats • Rats • Camels

  7. Intermediate Hosts • Snails • Fish • First intermediate host must always be a snail, mainly Parafossarulus manchouricus • Second intermediate host is usually a fish • 12 species of fish are mainly responsible for passing the infection to humans

  8. Life Cycle

  9. A Closer Look At the Life Cycle • Egg of C. sinensis that contains miracidium floats in fresh water until it is ingested by a snail • It will then develop into a sporocyst, which houses the asexual reproduction of redia • Redia will themselves asexually reproduce to form the cercariae • Cercariae are the free-swimming form of the parasites that enables the second intermediate host to be infected

  10. Critical Thinking • The asexual reproduction of C. sinensis enables an exponential multiplication of cercaria individuals from one miracidium. How can this aid C. sinensis? - This aids the Clonorchis in reproduction, because it enables the miracidium to captilatize on one chance occasion of passively being eaten by a snail before the egg dies.

  11. Life Cycle cont. • The cercariae will then actively bore themselves out of the snail • It will then seek out a fish, and bore into the skin/flesh of its target • Once inside the second intermediate host, the cercariae will become a metacercarial cyst

  12. Question • Why would the cercariae want to encyst themselves in the flesh/skin of the second intermediate host? - The metacercarial cysts are acid-resistant, thus ensuring that they are protected from the acidic environment of the stomach after ingestion

  13. Life Cycle cont. • Once in the small intestine, the metacercariae will excyst • They will then navigate to the liver • Once at the liver, the Clonorchis will achieve its sexual maturity stage • The hemaphroditic adults produce eggs every 1 - 30 seconds

  14. Picture of C. sinensis

  15. Pictures cont.

  16. Sites of Infection • Infection occurs in the liver • Bile duct is preferred site • The parasite feeds on the bile

  17. Pathogenesis/Clinical Signs • Infection is usually asymptomatic; however, heavy infestation may cause biliary obstruction • Loss of appetite • Nausea • Diarrhea • The sensation of abdominal pressure or pain • Rarely, bile duct obstruction may produce jaundice followed by cirrhosis • Enlargement and tenderness of the liver

  18. Pathogenesis/Clinical Signs Continued • Could result in the common bile duct and/or gall bladder to explode within the human body • May cause adenocarninoma of the bile ducts (cholangiocarcinoma) • Loss of fat digestion (severe infestation)

  19. Diagnosis • Fecal smears and examinations • Duodenal aspirate • Adult flukes can also be recovered at surgery

  20. Treatment • Drugs: • Praziquantel (most effective) • Albendazole

  21. Control Maneuvers • Physical inactivation: Sensitive to heating at 56°C for 30 minutes for all infectious stages • Survival outside host: Sensitive to freezing • Susceptible to disinfectants: All infective stages are susceptible to 1% sodium hypochlorite

  22. Other Control Measures? • What other control measures can be used to curb the prevalence of this parasite? • Sanitation • Human feces as fertilizer • Think oral-fecal contamination measures

  23. FYI BE WARNED! • Metacercariae can remain viable even after the fish has been pickled, salted, dried, or smoked

  24. Works Cited • http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/msds-ftss/msds34e.html • http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Clonorchis_sinensis.html • http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Clonor02.html • http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Trematodes08.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis • Text Book

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