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A proposal for the function of canonical microcircuits. André Bastos July 5 th , 2012 Free Energy Workshop. Outline. Review of canonical (cortical) microcircuitry (CMC) Role of feedback connections Driving or modulatory? Excitatory or inhibitory? Recapitulation of free energy principle
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A proposal for the function of canonical microcircuits André Bastos July 5th, 2012 Free Energy Workshop
Outline • Review of canonical (cortical) microcircuitry (CMC) • Role of feedback connections • Driving or modulatory? • Excitatory or inhibitory? • Recapitulation of free energy principle • Derive the predictive coding CMC • Empirical vs. predictive coding CMC • Frequency dissociations in the CMC
What does a CMC need to do, in principle? • Amplify weak inputs from thalamus or other cortical areas • LGN provides only 4% of all synapses in V1 granular layer • Maintain a balance of excitation and inhibition • Select meaningful signals from a huge number of inputs (on average 10,000 synapses onto a single PY cell) • Segregate outputs from and inputs to a cortical column
A first proposal on the CMC • Amplify thalamic inputs throughrecurrent connections • Maintain a balance of exc./inh. • Segregate super/deep Douglas and Martin, 1991
Quantitative study of C2 barrel cortex Lefortet al., 2009
Information flow summarized Lefortet al., 2009
Spread of feedforward activity through the CMC L1 Extrastriate (V2) L2/3 4A/B 4Ca/B L5 L6 LGN Pulvinar LGN www.brainmaps.org
Drivers vs. modulators The corticogeniculate feedbackconnection displays modulatorysynaptic characteristics. This suggested that cortico-cortical feedback is alsomodulatory… Sherman and Guillery, 1998, 2011
The “straw man” • Feedforward connections are driving • V1 projects monosynaptically to V2, V3, V3a, V4, and MT • In all cases, when V1 is reversibly inactivated, neural activity in the recipient areas is strongly reduced or silenced (Girard and Bullier, 1989; Girard et al., 1991a, 1991b, 1992, Schmid et al., 2009) • Feedback connections are modulatory • Synaptic characterization of Layer 6 -> LGN feedback • Longstanding proposal: corticocortical feedback connections are also modulatory (not an unreasonable assumption)
At least some feedback connections are not just modulatory… Feedforward connections A1->A2 Feedback connections A2->A1 De Pasquale and Sherman, 2011, Covic and Sherman, 2011
Feedback: inhibitory or excitatory? • On theoretical grounds, we would predict inhibitory • Higher-order areas predict activity of lower areas. When activity is predictable it evokes a weaker response due to inhibition induced by higher areas • Neuroimaging studies (repetition suppression, fMRI, MMN) suggests inhibitory role for feedback • Electrophysiology with cooling studies are mixed
Inhibitory corticogeniculate and intrinsic feedback Silence V1 Stimulate V1 dLGN Olsen et al., 2012
Corticocortical feedback targets L1 Shipp, 2007
Inhibitory “hot spot” in L1 Meyer et al., 2011
L1 cells are functionally active and inhibit PY cells in L2/3 and L5/6 Shlosberg et al., 2006
Spread of feedback activity through the CMC L1 Higher-order cortex L2/3 4A/B 4Ca/B L5 L6 LGN www.brainmaps.org
Anatomical and functional constraints ??? canonical microcircuit for predictive coding ??? Predictive coding constraints
The Free Energy Principle, summarized • Biological systems are homoeostatic • They minimise the entropy of their states • Entropy is the average of surprise over time • Biological systems must minimise the surprise associated with their sensory states at each point in time • In statistics, surprise is the negative logarithm of Bayesian model evidence • The brain must continually maximise the Bayesian evidence for its generative model of sensory inputs • Maximising Bayesian model evidence corresponds to Bayesian filtering of sensory inputs • This is also known as predictive coding
Hierarchical Dynamical Causal Models What generative model does the brain use??? Advantage: Extremely general models that grandfather most parametric modelsin statistics and machine learning (e.g., PCA/ICA/State-space models) Observation noise Output Hidden states State noise Inputs Friston, 2008
Sensations are caused by a complex world with deep hierarchical structure input Level 0 Level 1 Level 0 (cause) (state) (cause) (state) (sensation)
Hierarchical causes on sensory data input (cause) (state) (cause) (state) (sensation)
Perception entails model inversion Hierarchical generative model Recognition Dynamics Expectations: Prediction errors: Hierarchical generation
Mind meets matter… Hierarchical generative model Hierarchical predictive coding Bottom-up prediction errors Hierarchical generation Top-down predictions
Canonical microcircuit for predictive coding Recognition Dynamics Forward prediction error Backward predictions Expectations: Forward prediction error Prediction errors: Backward predictions
Canonical microcircuit from anatomy Canonical microcircuit from predictive coding Forward prediction error Backward predictions Forward prediction error Backward predictions Haeusler and Maass (2006) Bastos et al., (in review)
Spectral asymmetries between superficial and deep cells Rate of changeof units encodingexpectation (send feedback) Prediction errorunits (send feed-forward messages) 0.3 0.25 0.2 superficial 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 frequency (Hz) -4 x 10 Fourier transform 2 deep 1 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 frequency (Hz)
Different oscillatory modes for different layers V1 V2 V4 Buffalo, Fries, et al., (2011)
Unpublished data We apologize, but cannot share this slide at this point
Unpublished data We apologize, but cannot share this slide at this point
Unpublished data We apologize, but cannot share this slide at this point
Unpublished data We apologize, but cannot share this slide at this point
Integration of top-down and bottom-up through oscillatory modes? gamma alpha/beta ??? ??? prediction error precision state higher-level prediction
Integration of top-down and bottom-up streams Forward prediction error Backward predictions Forward prediction error Backward predictions prediction error precision state higher-level prediction
Canonical microcircuits and DCM V1 (primary visual cortex) V4 (extrastriate visual area) Feedback connections Feedforward connections Intrinsic connections local fluctuations local fluctuations
Unpublished data We apologize, but cannot share this slide at this point
Unpublished data We apologize, but cannot share this slide at this point
Conclusions • Repeating aspects of cortical circuitry suggest a “canonical microcircuit” exists to perform generic tasks that are invariant across cortex • Traditional roles for feedback pathways are being challenged by newer data • Predictive coding offers a clear hypothesis for the role of feedback and feedforward pathways • Predicts spectral asymmetries which may be important for how areas communicate • In short: the function of CMCs may be to implement predictive coding in the brain • These predictions might soon be testable with more biologically informed (CMC) DCMs
Acknowledgements • Julien Vezoli • Conrado Bosman, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen, Robert Oostenveld • Martin Usrey, Ron Mangun • Pascal Fries • Rosalyn Moran, Vladimir Litvak • Karl Friston
Behaviors of a realistic model for oscillations • Laminar segregation and independence of gamma and beta rhythms Roopun 2008
Where do HDMs come from? Friston 2008