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Respiratory Tract Disorders:

Respiratory Tract Disorders:. Pulmonary Problems, Peculiarities, & Plights!. The Air We Breathe. Respiratory rate: 10 to 14 inhalations/minute. In one day, an average human: breathes 20,000 times inhales 35 pounds of air

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Respiratory Tract Disorders:

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  1. Respiratory Tract Disorders: Pulmonary Problems, Peculiarities, & Plights!

  2. The Air We Breathe • Respiratory rate: 10 to 14 inhalations/minute. • In one day, an average human: • breathes 20,000 times • inhales 35 pounds of air • Most of us breathe in air that is heavily contaminated with solid particles, ozone, sulfur oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and many other damaging chemicals. • Breathing contaminated air can cause a number of diseases including asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.

  3. Cancer

  4. Emphysema • Permanent and irreversible destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and decreased gas exchange surface. • Small airways collapse, air flow is impeded, and air becomes trapped in the lungs. • Creates a “barrel” chest (expanded chest cavity). • Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, difficulty exhaling, weakness, anxiety, confusion, heart failure, lung edema (swelling), and respiratory failure. • Causes:Smoking, pollution, age, and infections. • Treatment: Oxygen to help breathing. No cure!

  5. Alveolar Damage Due To Emphysema Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scan of the lungs, showing advanced emphysema of the right lung (on the left). Damaged areas (upper and lower left) are more transparent. The reduced surface area for gas exchange restricts oxygen uptake. This may cause breathlessness, bluish skin, and heart or respiratory failure.

  6. Emphysema Cross-section of a smoker’s right lung with damaged alveoli evident.

  7. Asthma • breathing is impaired by: • constriction of bronchi and bronchioles • coughing • thick mucus secretions • severity and incidence of asthma has risen dramatically in recent years, especially in children • may be fatal if not treated • Causes: Attacks may be precipitated by inhalation of allergens (pollen, cats, etc.), pollutants, infection, or emotional stress. • Treatment: Alleviates symptoms (e.g.: immuno-suppressors, bronchodilators) but is not a cure.

  8. Tight muscles Swollen lining Mucus formation Normal vs. Asthmatic Airways Asthmatic bronchioles are restricted three ways: muscles contract to reduce diameter, the lining becomes swollen, and mucus is secreted.

  9. Triggers for Asthma Attacks Common allergens and chemicals can bring on an attack.

  10. Bronchitis • acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi and bronchioles • occurs when the airways become inflamed due to infection or irritation from other causes • may present with cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and wheezing • Causes: Associated with smoking, pollution, and bacterial or viral infections.

  11. Healthy bronchus Inflamed bronchus Inflamed Bronchus the cells lining the inside of the bronchi are continuously red and swollen the airways have become narrow and partly clogged with mucus

  12. Pneumonia • An inflammatory condition of the alveoli, which includes abnormal alveolar filling of fluid • Can result from infection with bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, and chemical or physical injury to the lungs • Symptoms include cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty in breathing • Common in all age groups • Leading cause of death among the young, the old, and the chronically ill • Bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics

  13. Chest X-Ray Showing Pneumonia Dense areas show fluid-filled alveoli.

  14. Tuberculosis (TB) • infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causing lung tubercles • first isolated in 1882 by a Robert Koch, who received the Nobel Prize for this discovery • TB most commonly affects the lungs but also can involve almost any organ of the body • tuberculosis can usually be treated successfully with antibiotics • classic symptoms are a chronic cough with blood-tingedsputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss • many years ago, it was referred to as "consumption" because without effective treatment, these patients often would waste away

  15. TB Campaigns Raised awareness that bacteria are inhaled when someone who has pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, shouts, or spits.

  16. Lung Cancer • Malignant growth that invades and destroys lung tissue. • Very high mortality rate. • Symptoms include bloody sputum, persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and repeated attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia. • Causes:Smoking (50% of all cases), pollution (radon, asbestos), and viruses. • Smokers are 10 times more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers. • Treatment: Surgery is most effective, but only 50% of all lung cancers are operable by time of detection. Other treatments include radiation and chemotherapy.

  17. Lung Surgery Four types of lung surgery depending on the extent of the cancer.

  18. Lung Cancer Proliferation Cancer cells divide uncontrollably, reaching lymph and blood vessels in the lung quickly, leading to metastasis.

  19. Lung Tumors Normal lung (a) vs. cancerous lung (b)

  20. Human Dissection Lab The right lung appears normal. The left lung is pale in color and is hard to the touch, indicating the presence of lung tumors.

  21. Cigarette Smoking • prevalence of smoking in Canada: 35% of the population in 1985; less than 18% of the population in 2009 • highest prevalence is among the unemployed, poorly educated, and lower income populations • cigarette smoke contains 4000 different chemicals! • each cigarette smoked subtracts about 5 minutes from life expectancy • cigarette smoke paralyzes ciliain airways, preventing them from removing debris and from protecting delicate alveoli • frequent coughing is the only way airways can clean themselves when cilia are paralyzed

  22. Ciliated Cells of the Bronchus Cilia sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airway so that they stay out of the lungs.

  23. Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Surfactant is a chemical found in the lungs that keeps alveoli open (prevents collapse) by changing the surface tension of the water lining them. • Surfactant is produced in the baby’s lungs between the 6th and 7th month of gestation. • Premature babies can suffer from respiratory distress due to lack of pulmonary surfactant. • Note: “baby” alveoli with smaller diameter have a greater tendency to collapse, making the role of surfactant very important in them!

  24. Treatment for Newborns with RDS Commercially available surfactant can be instilled into the alveoli through positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome.

  25. The End! HW: Read p. 270-273 in your textbook.

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