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THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION. In general sense, there are two kinds of translation:1- Written Translation2- Oral Translation ?? it is commonly known as interpreting or interpretation.. TRANSLATION TYPES (Jacobson). Interlingual translation (translation proper)Intralingual translation (rewording)
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1. ÇEVIRI KURAMI TEMEL KAVRAMLAR
2. THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION In general sense, there are two kinds of translation:
1- Written Translation
2- Oral Translation ?? it is commonly known as interpreting or interpretation.
3. TRANSLATION TYPES (Jacobson)
Interlingual translation (translation proper)
Intralingual translation (rewording)
Intersemiotic translation
4. The process of translation between two different languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL). This type of translation corresponds to ‘interlingual translation’ and is one of the three categories of translation described by Roman Jakobsen:
5. a) interlingual translation (translation proper) ? an interpretation of vebal signs by means of some other languages.
b) intralingual translation (or rewording) ? an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. ?? when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written.
6. c) intersemiotic translation (transmutation) ? interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. ?? when we translate a written text into music, film, or painting (non-verbal signs).
7. Translation has been present ever since mankind used language(s) for means of communication. It is an activity that helped different cultures to be transferred and known by other communities and that hasn’t lost its function in any phase of mankind’s existence on earth.
8. The activity of translation is a means of communication and a social agreement in human relations. As for the theoretical background of translation activity, we can say that the process of its being located into an academic frame has almost lasted till today.
9. Translation studies is a combination of theory and practice. Translation is composed not only of practice or theoretical exercise but also of their equivalent association. Translation is also a study on languages which entails the existence of translation researches,semantics, comparative linguistics, communication techniques, cultural researches and equivalence.
10.
The problem solving technique within the process of reading the ST enhances the language craft of comprehending the text and metaphrasing (translating) it to another language.
11.
Fransiz düsünür Etienne Dolet, çeviride bir kuram ortaya atan ilk kisi olarak çeviri tarihi içinde yerini alir. “Bir Dilden Diger Bir Dile Iyi Bir Sekilde Çeviri Yapma Yollari” adli yazisinda (How to Translate Well From One Language Into Another) bes ilkeye deginir:
12. 1- Çevirmen, anlasilmaz noktalara açiklik getirmekte özgür olmasina karsin, özgün yazarin kastettigi anlami çok iyi kavramali,
2- Kaynak ve hedef dili çok iyi bilmeli,
3- Sözcügü sözcügüne çevirmemeli,
4- Günlük dil kullanimlarina çevirisinde yer vermeli,
5- Dogru tonu yakalayabilecek sözcük seçimi ve düzeni belirlemelidir.
13. Ünlü Homer çevirmeni Ingiliz George Chapman da bu görüsleri yineler ve Ilyada çevirisinin önsözünde çevirmene söyle seslenir:
1- Sözcügü sözcügüne çeviri yapmayin,
2- Özgün metnin “ruhuna” ulasmaya çalisin,
3- Gevsek çeviri yapmaktan sakinin, çeviri öncesi çok bilimsel ve dikkatli bir arastirma yapin.
14. WORD-FOR-WORD TRANSLATION A method of translating which entails precise fidelity to the wording of ST. Although it is held by some to be synonymous with LITERAL TRANSLATION, most writers now consider it an extreme form of literal translation in which a TL word is substituted for each ST word without reference to syntactical factors such as word order.
15. SÖZCÜGÜ SÖZCÜGÜNE ÇEVIRI
Kaynak metindeki sözcüklerin erek metne sözcüklerin dizilis siralarinin degistirilmeden aktarildigi çeviri türü. Bu yönteme göre kaynak metin, kaynak dildeki sözcük sirasi erek metinde korunarak çevrilir.
I went to school.
Ben gittim okula.
16. LITERAL TRANSLATION (METAPHRASE) Can be defined in linguistic terms as a translation “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms” (Barhudarov)
Literal translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point, although because of the necessity of conforming to TL grammar, the final TT may also display group-group or clause-clause equivalence (Catford)
17. SÖZCÜGÜ SÖZCÜGÜNE ÇEVIRI Çevirmenin kaynak metnin biçimsel özelliklerine bagli kalarak ve genellikle erek dilin dilbilgisine uygun olarak çeviri metni ürettigi bir çeviri stratejisi
18. SENSE-FOR-SENSE TRANSLATION A general term used to describe the type of translation which emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of an ST over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of such a policy is to accommodate the needs of the TL reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the TL and culture and which does not therefore sound “foreign”.
19. ANLAMINA GÖRE ÇEVIRI Kaynak metnin anlaminin ya da “ruh”unun aktarimini öne çikaran bir çeviri anlayisi. Bu yöntemin amaci erek dil ve kültürün dilsel ve kültürel normlarina uygun, erek dil okurunun “yabanci” olarak görmeyecegi bir çeviri yaratmaktir.
20. FAITHFULNESS (FIDELITY) General terms used to describe the extent to which a TT can be considered a fair representation of ST according to some criterion.
Traditionally a faithful translation has been understood as one which bears a strong resemblance to its ST, usually in terms of either its LITERAL adherence to S meaning or its succesful communication of the “spirit”of the original.
Bible translation
21. SADAKAT Erek metnin kaynak metni tam olarak yansittiginin düsünüldügü durumlar için kullanilan genel bir terim. Geleneksel olarak, kaynak metnin anlamina ya da ruhuna sözcügü sözcügüne bagli kalarak çevirme olarak anlasilan sadakat bu nedenle özellikle kutsal metinlerin çevirilerinde kullanilmistir.
22. FREE TRANSLATION (IMITATION) A type of translation in which more attention is paid to producing a naturally reading TT than to preserving the ST wording intact.
Free translations are generally more “TL-oriented” than literal translations.
Not the form but the meaning is important.
23. ADAPTATION A term traditionally used to refer to any TT in which a particularly FREE translation strategy has been adopted.
The term usually imlies that considerable changes have been made in order to make the text more suitable for a specific audience (e.g. Children) or for the particular purpose behind the translation
24. ADAPTATION (CNTD.) Adaptation ? Cultural translation (Nida)
Bible translation X Adaptation Pseudotranslation (Rado)
Translation’s skopos (Nord)
Rewriting
Imitation
Version
25. UYARLAMA Yetiskinler için yazilan bir eserin çocuklara uyarlanmasi
Tiyatro eserleri
Reklam metinleri
26. EQUIVALENCE A term used to decribe the nature and the extent of the relationships which exist between SL and TL texts or smaller linguistic units.
“Replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)” (Catford)
27. Çeviri alanindaki çalismalarin çogunda genellikle esdeger etki ilkesi üzerinde durulmustur. Bu ilke, kaynak metnin kendi okurlari üzerinde olusturdugu etkinin aynisinin veya benzerinin hedef metnin muhataplari üzerinde de olusturulmasini sart kosar. Unutmamaliyiz ki, aynilik sözcügü esdegerlik sözcügüyle esanlamli olarak kullanilamaz.
28. EQUIVALENCE Nida
1. Dynamic equivalence (Communicative): Dinamik çeviride agirlik bildirimin kendisi üzerindedir ve yukarida degindigimiz “esdeger etki” ilkesine dayanir. Bu tür bir çeviride hem içerik hem de biçim bakimindan esdegerlik aranir.
29. 2. Formal equivalence (Biçimsel esdegerlik): Biçimsel esdegerlik saglamayi amaçlayan çeviride, siir sanatini siir sanatina, tümceyi tümceye, kavrami kavrama aktarmak gibi karsiliklar bulmanin yollari arastirilir.
30. Kade ? esp. Lexical equivalence: It categorizes equivalence relationships according to whether
1. There is a single expression in the TL for a single SL expression? Total (one-to-one)
2. There are more than one TL expression for a single SL expression: Facultative (one-to-many)
31. 3. There is a TL expression that covers part of a concept designated by a single SL expression ?Approximative (one-to-part-of-one), and
4. There is no TL expression for an SL expression ? Zero or Nil equivalence (one-to-none)
32. EQUIVALENCE Koller ?
1. Denotative: Düzanlamsal esdegerlik
2. Connotative: Yananlamsal esdegerlik
3. Text-normative: Metin türüne dayali esdegerlik
4. Pragmatic: Dil kullanimsal esdegerlik
5. Formal-aesthetic: Biçimsel esdegerlik.
33. EQUIVALENCE Popovic ?
1. Linguistic (phonetic, morphological, syntactic): Dilsel esdegerlik: Hem kaynak metnin hem de hedef metnin dilsel düzeyinde benzerlik saglanir, yani sözcügü sözcügüne çeviri.
34. 2. Paradigmatic (expressive system): Dizisel esdegerlik: Dizisel anlatim eksenindeki ögelerin esdegerligi yani dilbilgisi ögelerinin esdegerligi aranir.
3. Stylistic (biçemsel): Benzer anlam degismezi ile anlatim benzerligi amaçlanir. Hem asil hem de çeviri metindeki ögelerin islevsel esdegerligi aranir.
35. 4. Textual (metinsel) esdegerlik: Bir metnin dizimsel yapilanisi yönünden esdegerlik vardir, yani sekil ve biçim esdegerligi aranir.
Öyleyse çeviri, diller arasinda sözcük ve dilbilgisi ögelerinin yerlestirilmesinden çok daha fazlasini içerir.
36. Çeviri sürecini ve ürününü bilimsel yöntemlerle tanimlama amaciyla esdegerlik kavramini ortaya atan çeviri kuramcilari günümüzde “çeviribilim” ya da “çeviri arastirmalari” olarak adlandirilan bu dönemde esdegerlik kavrami yerine, “benzerlik”(similarity), “yakinlik”(analogy), “uygunluk” (correspondence) yada “esdüsüm” (matching) kavramlarini tercih etmektedirler.
37. Çevirmen için metin, yalnizca dilbilimsel bir varlik degildir. Metnin iletisimsel bir islevi vardir ve bu islev belirli bir ortamda ve sosyokültürel bir çevrede olusur. Modern dilbilimin gelismesiyle özellikle Alman çeviribilimciler Katharina Reiss ve Hans J. Vermeer metindeki dil islevlerine göre metni siniflandirmislardir:
38. a) Bilgi verici metinler (informative texts)
b) Anlatimci metinler (expressive texts)
c) Islemsel metinler (operative texts)
d) Isitsel araçli metinler (audio-medial texts).
Reiss ve Vermeer ayrica, metin agirlikli çeviri kurami yaklasimlarini Skopos adindaki metnin islevinin çeviri sürecini belirledigini öne sürdükleri görüsle desteklediler.
39. Bu görüse göre hedef metin, hedef kapsam içinde yerine getirmeyi hedefledigi islev ile sekillenir. Bu, islev alici kapsama göre ve ortama göre degisiklikler gösterir. Bu ilkelere göre çevirmen, hedef metnin, hedef ortam içinde amaçlanan islevine göre çeviri sürecini yönlendirir.
40. Semantic Translation A translation mode in which “the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL , to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author” (Newmark)(kaynak metnin sözdizimsel ve anlamsal sinirlarini koruyan yalin bir anlatim içinde yazarin ilettigi metne dayali kesin anlamin aynisini ortaya koymayi amaçlayan bir çeviri sekli)
A semantic translation consequently tends to strive to reproduce the form of the original as closely as TL norms will allow.
No effort is made to shift ST into a T cultural context.
41. Greater attention is paid to rendering the author’s original thought process in TL than to attempting to re-interpret ST in a way which the translator considers more appropriate for the target setting.(Hedef dil ortaminda daha uygun bir sekilde yeniden yorumlanmasi mümkünken yazarin yansitmaya çalistigi düsünceyi çevirmeye, semantic translation içinde büyük önem verilir.)
A semantic translation will therefore treat the original words as sacred, even if this requires reproducing inconsistencies, ambiguities and errors.
Literary texts
42. Anlamsal çeviri esdegerlik kavramiyla ilintilidir. Kaynak metindeki sözcükler için esdeger bir anlamsal içerik bulmaya yönelik olarak yürütülür ve kaynak metin odakli olup kaynak metindeki anlamlarin üzerine yogunlasir.
43. COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION A term used to refer to any approach which views translation as a “communicative process which takes place within the social context”
A communicative translation will typically be oriented towards the needs of the TL reader or recipient.
Thus, the translator will treat ST as a message rather than a mere string of linguistic units, and will be concerned to preserve ST’s original function and to reproduce its effect on the new audience
44. Iletisimsel çeviri Skopos kuramini animsatir; kaynak metnin kültürel olarak hedef topluma uyarlanmasi, böylece hedef okuyucu tarafindan kolaylikla anlasilmasi ve kaynak etkinin aynisinin hedef toplum ve kültürlerde yaratilmasi saglanir. Dolayisiyla hedef metinde yer alan özgün ileti ön plandadir.
45. COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION Journalistic writing
Textbooks,
Public notices
Most non-literary genres(türler).
46. GOOD THEORY IS BASED ON INFORMATION GAINED FROM PRACTICE. GOOD PRACTICE IS BASED ON CAREFULLY WORKED-OUT THEORY. THE TWO ARE INTERDEPENDENT.