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Den syriske opstand - to år senere. Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen. A mosaic?. A pattern of distinct entities static in harmony. Or a kaleidoscope?. Sects are managed, to the point of changing much of their content People are moving around physically. Intermarriage Other identities
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Den syriske opstand - to år senere Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen
A mosaic? A pattern of distinct entities static in harmony
Or a kaleidoscope? • Sects are managed, to the point of changing much of their content • People are moving around physically. • Intermarriage • Other identities • Or mixed ones?
The birth of anti-Sectarianism Saleh al-Ali Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
The Baath Party: An anti-Sectarian vehicle for Sectarian policies.
Tidslinje 2011 Marts: 6 De 15 drenge i Deraa 15. ”Vredens dag” demonstrationer Asads tale. Dagen efter reformer. April ”Jumaat al-Sumud.” kurderne med. Juni: 2-3 Antalya mødet 10-13 Massakre i JisrShughur. Den arabiske Liga fordømmer. Juli ”Jumaat Khaled ibn al-Walid. 650.000 i Hama.
Tidslinje August Ramadan offensiv Hama, latakia Golfen agerer Vesten: Asad illegitim ”Vi bøjer os kun for Gud” SNC dannes September ”International beskyttelse” FNs sikkerhedsråd, veto Tyrkiet bryder forbindelsen Oktober SNC organiserer sig Ruslands andet veto Fredag for SNC, FSA November Arabiske Liga involveres
Tidslinie2012 Januar Arabiske Ligas mission forgæves Februar 3 veto i FNs sikkerhedsråd Belejringen af Homs ”Friends of Syria”: Annan mission med Rusland om bord 26 Forfatningsafstemning April Annans fredsplan med seks punkter Maj Massakre i Houla Juli PM afhopper Attentat mod hovedkvarteret November Damaskus lufthavn ved at falde Kurdernes militser tager over
Fra SNC til Koalitionen til regeringselimIdriss, Ahmad Jarba, Ahmad SalehToma • Splittelser: MB • Interim regering? • Qatar og Saudi, US • Udspillet
A new millet system? Then what about the rafidun and ghulat?
De-centralization A good idea, but to which degree? Sensible local arrangements But addressing sects, not minorities Cannot follow sectarian faultlines Minorities can oppress minorities. A Pandora’s box, but it has been opened?
An upper chamber in Parliament? • Representatives from all sects, ethnicities. • Accepting or rejecting the budget, other major decisions, but perhaps with a majority of 2/3 • Point: all groups will be represented, counter-acting majority rule in Parliament • Risk: dead-lock.
Conclusion • Although a certain cosmopolitan anti-Sectarianism has thrived under Baath and the Asads, the regime has exploited it rather than supported it • Anti-sectarism is grounded to Syrian history and society. • In the later phase of the uprising, Sectarianism has grown to become a major challenge in the future. Syria should find a way of making light institutional concessions to a sectarian reality whilst building on its proud tradition of anti-Sectarianism to overcome it.