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指導老師：林娟娟 教授 報告學生：林承賢 98756006 、張建邦 98756019

CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IMPACTS ON GLOBAL VIRTUAL TEAMS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. 指導老師：林娟娟 教授 報告學生：林承賢 98756006 、張建邦 98756019. Outline. Abstract Introduction Literature review Methodology Findings The impact of cultural diversity on GVT effectiveness

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指導老師：林娟娟 教授 報告學生：林承賢 98756006 、張建邦 98756019

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  1. CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGYIMPACTS ON GLOBAL VIRTUAL TEAMS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY 指導老師：林娟娟 教授 報告學生：林承賢 98756006、張建邦98756019

  2. Outline • Abstract • Introduction • Literature review • Methodology • Findings • The impact of cultural diversity on GVT effectiveness • ICT mediation of the impact of cultural diversity on GVT effectiveness • Conclusions and implications

  3. Abstract • 動盪的環境與全球的經濟競爭 • Information and Communication Technology (ICT) • Fortune 500 企業中9個國家41個團隊 e-mailteleconferencing combined with e-Meetingsteam rooms

  4. Introduction • ICT會增加多元文化員工參與 • Global Virtual Teams(GVTs) • 挑戰 • 影響因素

  5. Literature review • 文化的定義 • Levels • Factors • Definitions • Ethnographies and ICT

  6. Literature review • 文化多元性的假設 • heterogeneous and homogeneous • electronic meeting systems • used group decision support systems (GDSS)

  7. Methodology • 資料來源 • 9個國家 • 41個團隊 • 整理與分析 • 開放性譯碼 (open coding ) • 紮根理論 (grounded theory)

  8. Findings The impact of cultural diversity on GVT effectiveness • 溝通的特徵 • direct/indirect • succinct/elaborate • Contextual/personal • instrumental/affective • time orientation and body language • Polychronic/Monochronic

  9. Findings The impact of cultural diversity on GVT effectiveness • Decision-making • 案例狀況

  10. Findings • ICT mediation of the impact of cultural diversity on GVT effectiveness • ICT如何調解這些影響 • 溝通媒介 • e-mail 、chat、 e-Meetings、 teleconferencing、 team room activitiesand face-to-face meetings. • 最多人使用E-mail來溝通。 • 透過ICT的協助得以減少因文化差異性所造成的負面影響，同時也強化正面的影響。

  11. E-mail • 使用E-mail限制? 好處? • E-mail無法傳遞社交及非語言線索(social and nonverbal cues)。 • 正因這個限制，在不同文化間的溝通得以減少錯誤的傳達。 • (1,7/17/02,U.S.) • 不用了解各國的文化差異，There is just the plain text there.

  12. E-mail • 非英語系者透過E-mail表達比講話來的好。 • (13,8/30/02,Japan) • The Japanese, writing is okay, but speaking or hearing is tough. • 可以使用拼字檢查及反覆檢查內容來提高訊息正確率。 • (16,9/10/02,Israel) • I can use the spell checking. • (42, 2/21/03, France) • I would ask myteammates [in the same location] if they agree with thestatement..

  13. E-mail • 使用E-mail可以免除口音的困擾。 • (16,9/10/02, Israel) • We just don’t understand what they(Japanese,Chinese) are saying . • E-mail有固定的型式，通常使用較短即明確的語句。 • (32, 10/22/02, Israel) • In an e-mail you will not include more then one idea. • (10, 8/10/02, U.S.) • Japanese, or Asians, they don’t like to say “no”.

  14. E-mail • E-mail具有連續性，不會停頓。 • (15, 7/22/02, Israel) • The Japanese they simply don’t talk, you have nothing to listen to. • 直接了當的敘述幫助克服精簡與過於詳述言詞。 • (32, 10/22/02, Israel) • e-mail, usually lack context.

  15. E-mail • E-mail減輕語言和非語言形式間的負面影響，從而減少誤解。 • The rehearsability or editability of e-mailhelped overcome language barriers. • E-mail as a leanmedium did not allow accents and nonverbal misinterpretationsto occur. • Similarly, the relative absence of social cuesfacilitated intercultural communication.

  16. Teleconferencing • More difficult via phone than in face-to-face communication or e-mail. • Vocal cues were distracting and unfamiliar accents often created miscommunication. • 如何克服 • Avoid unfamiliar accents • Written summaries

  17. Teleconferencing • illustration • (10, 8/10/02, U.S.) • [Japanese]“This iswhat we’re saying” • (4, 7/29/02, U.S.) • This is what I understood from our conversation. • (15, 9/22/02, Israel) • Turn the phone to mute, and we willsay,‘‘What did he mean?’’ • (12, 8/30/02, U.S.) • e-Meetings,typingthe result on their screen

  18. Teleconferencing • Synchronous writtendocuments helped teams overcome challenges associatedwith spoken language. • Thecombination of teleconferencing and e-Meetings enabledsynchronous communication that was richer than eithertechnology by itself.

  19. Team rooms • A team room is an electronic shared group workspace. • Team room’s asynchronous nature, archiving capabilities, and restricted accessibility were useful characteristics for GVTs.

  20. Chat • Use Lotus Sametime. • Textual chat has the potential for mitigating the impact of cultural diversity on team effectiveness • Users considered chat to be mostly for informal and spontaneous communication.

  21. Channel selection • Members with high social proximity could use a wide range of channels, while low social proximity precluded synchronous and informal channels. • E-mail was frequently selected for intercultural communication.

  22. Summary of findings

  23. Summary of findings

  24. Conclusions and implications

  25. Conclusions and implications • ICT is a tool that facilitates the process of boundary-crossing to overcome the challenges resented by remote and culturally diverse team members. • ICT mitigated the negative impact of intercultural miscommunication. • ICT could operate better than in face-to-face meetings. • Limitations • derived from one organization • few members from some cultures(Japan, France, and Germany); many from others (U.S. and Israel)

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