Spectrum Management with Technical Flexibility

1. Spectrum Management with Technical Flexibility Paul Kolodzy, PhD Spectrum Management 2008 20 May 2008

2. Impact of Technical Flexibility • Started with PCS  Premise: Technical flexibility provides additional competition and enables greater innovation • More recently, two divergent allocations: • AWS-1 • Duplexing Scheme specified (FDD) • Transmission Power Limits based on Power Flux Density • 700 MHz & BRS/EBS • No Duplexing Scheme specified (TDD, FDD, HFDD) • Transmission Power Limits based on Power Flux Density • Mixture of High Power and Low Power Operations

3. A 6 MHz B 6 MHz C 6 MHz D 6 MHz E 6 MHz A 6 MHz B 6 MHz C 6 MHz 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 A 1 D 5 MHz BB 5 MHz C 11 MHz GB 1 NB 3 NB 3 B 1 NB 3 NB 3 B 1 C 11 MHz A 1 D 5 MHz BB 5 MHz GB 1 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 700 MHz Allocation • Lower 700 D-Block and E-Block are single, unpaired blocks • All other blocks are paired but can be used as unpaired blocks Uplink for FDD Downlink for FDD Downlink for FDD Uplink for FDD

4. A 6 MHz B 6 MHz C 6 MHz D 6 MHz E 6 MHz A 6 MHz B 6 MHz C 6 MHz 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 A 1 D 5 MHz BB 5 MHz C 11 MHz GB 1 NB 3 NB 3 B 1 NB 3 NB 3 B 1 C 11 MHz A 1 D 5 MHz BB 5 MHz GB 1 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 700 MHz Band Plans (as of March 2008)3GPP2 and 3GPP Band Class 19 A,B,C Block Uplink Band Class 19 A,B,C Block Downlink Band Class 7 C,A Block Downlink Band Class 7 C Block Uplink Band Class 18 A,D,PS Block Downlink Band Class 18 A,D,PS Block Uplink 3GPP2 Band XII Uplink Band XII Downlink Band XIII Downlink Band XIV Downlink Band XIII Uplink Band XIV Uplink 3GPP Band 13 Downlink Band 14 Downlink Band 13 Uplink Band 14 Uplink BB – Public Safety Broadband, NB – Public Safety NarrowBand, GB – Guard Band

5. Uplink/ Uplink Downlink Downlink ~30 to 300 MHz Block 1 Block 2 Block 1 Block 2 AWS - 3 - 43 dBW - 43 dBW - 43 dBW The New Challenge FDD (Commercial) – TDD (DoD) FDD and TDD in adjacent bands will become a reality, what technologies will enable such operation?

6. The Radio Engineering View of Interference Signal Environment • Cumulative Energy in Receiver Filter Increases Noise Floor, Reducing Detection Distance • Combination of multi-band operation and high spectrum use can create significant challenges • High dynamic range vs. low-power consumption • Current technology is challenged to allow sensitive reception in the presence of strong signals and densely occupied spectrum Receiver Output ~20 dBm Increase in Noise Floor ~88% Reduction in Spectrum Availability Results Shown for Ultra High Quality LNA 10dB Gain, IIP3 = 50dBm, 10W consumption DARPA Tuner Utilization Study, PR #8587, Shared Spectrum Company

7. Insertion of Signal May Create Out of Band Interference Appears proper when viewed as “white space” Actual result is a reduction in SNR, resulting in potentially harmful interference “Open Spectrum/Channel” UseIntermodulation Distortion (IMD) This is why Carrier Colocate Transmitters!

8. Radio that Can Estimate the Interference Environment, Can “Search” for Spectral Regions that Do Not Create Interference for the Radio DSA for Interference Avoidance?! Dynamic Interference Avoidance Radio Systems combine the understanding of both the RF environment and the Radio RF characteristics

9. Dynamic Interference Avoidance NG Radios that are Aware of Interference Effects Can Adapt to Mitigate Effects

10. New Directions / New Tools • Static, Worst-case Analysis vs Statistical Analysis • Monte-Carlo Techniques • Propagation Models, Component Models • Spectral and Spatial Filtering Improvement • Antenna Pattern Shaping for Gain and Interference Avoidance • Advanced Filters and Adaptive Modulation • Dynamics Become Increasing Important • Spectral Sharing for Capacity • Spectral Sharing for Interference Avoidance • Network Optimization via Radio Operations

11. High-Order Filter

12. Spectral Utilization High Peak-to-Average Ratio utilization in some bands provide impetus for new thinking in RF Spectrum sharing … Technology to provide insight into utilization is prevalent

13. Dynamic Spectrum Status

14. Interference Smart Antennas Dynamic Spectrum Access Interference Cancellation Statistical Analysis Base Stations High Level of Integration Higher Power (EIRP) Waveform Complexity In-building Wireless/femtocells Quick List of Technologies FDD/TDD • Technology and Device Solutions • Spectral Flexibility Rights and Responsibilities • Accordion Spectrum … and variations • Macro Dynamic Spectrum Access • Peer-to-Peer Networking • Policy Engines

15. Adaptive Radio Avoids Solving All Problems Itself Each Technology Can Throw “Tough” Situations to other More Suitable Technologies without Impact on User QOS Approved for Public Release (DARPA Case #5702)

16. Policy Embedded in the Radio Software Controlled Radios (SCR) (e.g. Cell Phones, JTRS, FRS) RF Digital I/0 Computer Control Sense Transmitter Parameters Policy Checking & Inference

17. Multi-DisciplinaryNot just in Words “transaction costs” “highest and best use” “auctions” Policy Makers Computer Scientists “Structure Programming” “OOBE” “LNA” “child processes” “dB” “Intermods” Economists “Ontologies” “dynamic range” Electical Engineers “Provability” Electrical Engineers, Computer Scientists, Communications Engineers, Lawyers, Policy Makers, Economists, Physicists, Material Scientists, Pontificators