Coaching II

1. Coaching II Needs Analysis in Sports Coaching Image by Eugene Metro

2. Recap In the last lesson we covered the following: • Clarification of the key term ‘Coaching Process’ • The coaching process is “A series of stages that the coach has to go through to help the player/athlete learn or improve a particular skill” • (Borrie and Knowles, 2003) . • The identification of the key areas of sport science • We identified four key areas. These are Physiology, Psychology, Strength and Conditioning and Performance Analysis/Biomechanics. • Examples of how sport science has informed and guided the modern coaching practices • We looked at four key areas. The Yo-Yo test in Physiology (Bangsbo, Iaia & Krustrup, 2008); Periodisation in Strength and Conditioning (Bompa); Strucutring Training Exercises in Psychology (Stratton et al., 2004); and Crossing Analysis for Football in Performance Analysis (Partridge & Franks, 1989). • Explore how knowledge of sport science can direct your own coaching practices • Learners were given the opportunity to engage in this process in the Task.

3. Lesson Outcomes By the end of this lesson we will have covered: An explanation of the key term ‘Needs Analysis’. The importance of gathering information to best inform the coaching process. The different methods of gathering information in coaching . An explanation of the key term ‘Performance Indicators’. The identification of the components of top performance. The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. • A coach observing an archer’s performance • Image by durd_

4. Gathering Information Key Term: ‘Needs Analysis’ The term needs analysis refers to the important process of gathering information. The coach will need to assess athletic performance to identify the current level of the athlete or team. There are 3 important things to consider when doing this: The demands of the sport The demands of the level of competition How the athlete/team’s current level of performance ‘matches up’ to these. • A coach analysing a golfer’s swing • Image by dnkbdotcom • The needs analysis process is arguably the most important stage of any coaching intervention. • The information collected at this stage will provide the basis for the entire coaching program. • If the information gathered at this stage is flawed, invalid or unreliable then the coaching program that follows it will also be.

5. The Needs Analysis Process

6. The Objectives Model

7. Methods of Collecting Information Performance Analysis An effective coach will demonstrate the ability to effectively assess athletic performance and design training programmes tailored to the specific needs of the athlete or team. There are two main methods for collection this information, which are often referred to as methods of Performance Analysis. There are two main types of performance analysis: Qualitative Methods – This relies on a coach’s interpretation of an observed performance. By their nature, these types of methods are subjective (based on the coach’s opinion). 2. Quantitative Methods – These focus on numerical data and facts relating to the performance. These methods are more objective and inherently more valid and reliable. • An observation is aQualitative form of analysis • Image by Proctor Academy

8. Methods of Performance Analysis

9. Types of Analysis • Qualitative • Observations • Notational Analysis • Discussions with other coaches/athletes • Subjective in nature • Questions over reliability and validity • Requires extensive knowledge and attention to detail • More practical and convenient • Quantitative • Video Analysis • Notational Analysis • Biomechanical Analysis • Objective in nature • Inherently more reliable and valid • Potentially time consuming and can involve expensive equipment • May require specialist software and technology • Qualitative methods of analysis are the most popular used by sport coaches. This is because using video analysis for all analysis is expensive and impractical. Effective coaches have an ability to assess performance reliably and validly through observations.

10. Performance Indicators • Key Term: ‘Performance Indicator’ • “A performance indicator is a selection, or combination, of action variables that aims to define some or all aspects of performance”. • Hughes & Bartlett (2002) • Coaches can use these performance indicators to assess the quality of performance of an athlete, team or sub unit of a team (e.g. defence). • Hughes & Bartlett (2002) • What are the key Performance Indicators for Drilling in Hockey? • Image by Proctor Academy

11. Performance Indicators for a Full Back in Football

12. Performance Indicators • There has been a wide range of research that has explored key performance indicators in sport. Some key findings that have emerged from such studies are highlighted below. • An analysis of pass completion in football using ProZone. • Image by LouColl • Table 1: A summary of key research articles examining performance indicators in a range of sports.

13. Increasing Specificity Making an analysis more meaningful to performance • The true value in this type of analysis lies in its ability to generate performance data that this specific to performance. • This makes the data more meaningful and allows the coach to generate more specialised coaching interventions. • Consider passing in rugby. A basic level of analysis may only tell the coach the number of passes attempted, the number of successful passes and the number of each type of pass (e.g. push, spin). • In addition to this the coach may also wish to learn about the specific aspects of the pass performance. This requires the identification of more relevant performance indicators. • . • A pass involves many performance indicators • Image by David Howlett

14. Hierarchical Performance Indicators Jump Distance Take off Distance Flight Distance Landing Distance Take off Speed Body Position at Touch Down Take off Accuracy Body Position at Take off Take off Angle Take off Height Landing Actions Air Resistance An example of a Hierarchical technique model of the long jump (Hughes & Bartlett, 2002).

15. Task • Marked Activity - Identifying performance indicators in your own sport Using YouTube, Google Videos or similar, find a video clip of a technical performance of a skill in your own sport. Identify the key performance indicators associated with the successful performance of that skill. Once you have identified the key performance indicators associated with your selected skill present these using the HIERARCHICAL TECHNIQUE described on Slide 13. A template is available via the below link. You may add more performance indicators to this template should they be required. Email the web address of the clip, and your answers to the tutor, who will then collate them for the other students benefit. ò • Hierarchical Technique Template

16. Needs Analysis in Coaching Quiz

17. Evaluation In this lesson we covered the following: An explanation of the key term ‘Needs Analysis’. The term needs analysis refers to the important process of gathering information. The coach will need to assess athletic performance to identify the current level of the athlete or team. The importance of gathering information to best inform the coaching process. If the information gathered at this stage is flawed, invalid or unreliable then the coaching program that follows it will also be. The different methods of gathering information in coaching . Qualitative (e.g. observations)and Quantitative (e.g. video analysis) methods are the two main methods of gathering performance information.

18. Evaluation In this lesson we covered the following: An explanation of the key term ‘Performance Indicators’. “A performance indicator is a selection, or combination, of action variables that aims to define some or all aspects of performance” (Hughes & Bartlett. 2002). The identification of the components of top performance. We looked at four main components. These are Physical, Psychological, Technical and Tactical. The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. Performance indicators are used by coaches to identify the qualities within a performance. These can focus on overall team performance e.g. pass completion, shots on target, interceptions made, or can be specific to a certain skill.

19. Recommended Reading The recommended reading for this on-line lecture topic is Hughes, M.D. & Bartlett, R.M. (2002). The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20, 739-754. This paper can be accessed through the link below. Please access and read this article. ò • Hughes & Bartlett (2002) - PDF

20. References Carter, A. (1996). Time and motion analysis and heart rate monitoring of a back-row forward in first class rugby union football. In M. Hughes (Ed.), Notational Analysis of Sport , I & II, pp. 145-160. Cardiff: UWIC. Fairs, J.R. (1987). The coaching process: the essence of coaching. Sports Coach, 11(1), 17–19. Hughes, M.D. and Bartlett, R.M. (2002). The use of performance indicators in performance analysis. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20, 739-754. Hughes, M.D., Robertson, K. and Nicholson, A. (1988). An analysis of 1984 World Cup of Association Football. In T. Reilly, A. Lees, K. Davids and W. Murphy (Eds.), Science and Football, pp. 363-367. London: E&FN Spon. Taylor, M. and Hughes, M. (1998). Analysis of elite under-19 tennis players. In A. Lees, I. Maynard, M.D. Hughes and T. Reilly (Eds.), Science and Racket Sports II pp. 211-220. London: E & FN Spon. Winker, W. (1996). Computer/video analysis in German soccer. In M. Hughes (Ed.), Notational Analysis of Sport , I & II, pp. 19-31. Cardiff: UWIC.