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The Reproductive System

Explore the intricate details of the male and female reproductive systems, from the anatomy of testes to the functions of ovaries. Learn about sperm production, hormone regulation, and the role of mammary glands in milk production. Discover how these systems work together to facilitate reproduction and maintain overall health.

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The Reproductive System

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  1. The Reproductive System

  2. Male Reproductive System

  3. Testes

  4. Epididymis • Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube • Found on the superior part of the testis and along the posterior lateral side • Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 days)

  5. Vas Deferens • Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct • Passes through the inguinal canal and over the bladder • Moves sperm by peristalsis • Ends at ejaculatory duct unites with the urethra • Vasectomy

  6. Seminal Vesicles • base of the bladder • Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen) • Fructose (sugar) • Vitamin C • Prostaglandins (stimulate muscle contractions) • Other substances that nourish and activate sperm

  7. Prostate Gland • Encircles the upper part of the urethra • Secretes a milky fluid • Helps to activate sperm • Prone to cancer (like most glands)

  8. Semen • Fructose provides energy for sperm cells • Alkalinity (base) of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina • Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication • 120 million/ml

  9. External Genitalia • Scrotum- • Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability • dartos muscle • medial septum divides scrotum into two chambers

  10. Cont.. • Penis • Regions of the penis • Shaft • Glans penis • Prepuce (foreskin) • Often removed by circumcision

  11. Sperm Only Human cell with flagellum. Head Contains DNA

  12. Testosterone Production • Produced in interstitial cells • Functions- Stimulates reproductive organ development • Underlies sex drive • Causes secondary sex characteristics • Deepening of voice • Increased hair growth • Enlargement of skeletal muscles • Thickening of bones

  13. Female Reproductive

  14. Ovaries • Structure of an ovarian follicle • Oocyte • Follicular cells

  15. Support of Ovaries

  16. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes • Receive the ovulated oocyte • Provide a site for fertilization • Attaches to the uterus • Does not physically attach to the ovary • Fimbriae • Cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes 3–4 days)

  17. Uterus • Located between the urinary bladder and rectum • Functions of the uterus • Receives • Retains • Nourishes • Cervix – narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina

  18. Vagina • Serves as the birth canal • Receives the penis during sexual intercourse • Hymen

  19. External Anatomy

  20. Oogenesis

  21. Hormone Production by the Ovaries • Estrogens • Cause secondary sex characteristics • Enlargement of accessory organs • Development of breasts • Appearance of pubic hair • Increase in fat beneath the skin • Widening and lightening of the pelvis • Onset of menses

  22. Mammary Glands • Present in both sexes, but only function in females…most of the time! • Modified sweat glands • Function is to produce milk • Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens) to increase in size

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