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Planctomyces

Planctomyces. Sarah Abate. History. First described by Gimesi in 1924 in Budapest, Hungar. Mistakenly identified as planctonic fungus. Schlesner and Stackebrandt assign Planctomyces and Pirellula to the order Planctomycelates. Classification. Phylum: Planctomycetes

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Planctomyces

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  1. Planctomyces Sarah Abate

  2. History • First described by Gimesi in 1924 in Budapest, Hungar. • Mistakenly identified as planctonic fungus. • Schlesner and Stackebrandt assign Planctomyces and Pirellula to the order Planctomycelates.

  3. Classification • Phylum: Planctomycetes • Division: Planctomycetacia • Order: Planctomycetales • Family: Planctomycetaceae • Genera: Planctomyce, Pirellula, Gemmata, Isophaera • Key Species: P. maris, P. limnophilus, P. bekefii, I. pallida, G.obsriglobus.

  4. Morphology • Gram negative, but contains no peptidoglycan in it’s cell wall. • Mesophiles, few thermophiles. • 4 main cell shapes • Spherical • Ovoid • Ellipsoidal • Teardrop

  5. Morphological Features • Pili- used for adhesion of cells during aggregation. May also be used to pass genetic information from one cell to another. • Flagella- used for motility • Stalks- Used to anchor bacterium during budding • Crateriform structures- Pits within the cell surface that are about 12nm in diameter. Function is unknown. • Some contain an unique polar unicorn prostheca-like projection. Function is also unknown.

  6. Planctomyces brasiliensis • Small arrow pointing to the unicorn like projection. • Larger arrow pointing to a crateriform structure. • Bar = 0.5 micrometers

  7. Cell Wall • Contains no peptidogylcan. Very unique. • Cell wall is made of S-layer proteins consisting of mainly proline and cysteine. Reason for these proteins is unclear. • This causes Planctomyces to be very resistant to Beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin. • Lacks murein.

  8. Reproduction • Reproduces by budding • Bud develops as a small protuberance at a particular location called the reproductive pole and enlarges before separation from the mother cell.

  9. Dimorphic Life Cycle • Daughter or Swarmer Cell • Free swimming using flagellum. • Mother or Vegetative Cell • No flagellum • Produce stalk that anchors it to surfaces • Surfaces are usually algae or cyanobacteria • Only after it attaches to a surface does reproduction begin.

  10. Metabolism • Typically facultative aerobic chemoorganotrophs. • Grow by fermentation or the respiration of sugars. • Can degrade chitin. • Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing: anaerobic chemolithoautotrophs (Anammox)

  11. Anammox • Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation • NH4+ + NO2- > N2 + 2H2O • Anammox process confirmed and verified Mulder et al., 1995, Jetten et al., 1999 • Identified as planctomycetes (Strous et al., 1999)

  12. Anammox Process • Anaerobic – anammox completely inhibited at low oxygen concentrations • Enzyme hydroxylamine oxidoreductase catalyzes oxidation of hydrazine and hydroxylamine • Located in membrane-bound structure called ‘anammoxosome’ • Membrane surrounding anammoxosome made up of ladderane lipids (unique)

  13. Ecology • Fresh and salt water • Acid water bogs • Hot springs • Cattle manure • Garbage dumps • Rice paddies

  14. Planctomyces maris • Mesophile • Optimal growth temp. is 30-33 degrees Celsius. • Obligate aerobe • Carbon sources: glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, xylose, maltose, cellobiose,furanose, treholose, N-acetlyglucosamine, glucuronic, lactic acid, pectin, aesculin • Very slow growing • Growth requirements: 1.5-4.0% sodium chloride

  15. Gemmata obscuriglobus • Arrow is pointing to a double membrane bound organelle. • The nuclear body, envelops the nucleoid and all the cell’s DNA as well as ribosome-like material.

  16. Planctomyces limnophilus • Mesophile • Optimal growth temp. is 30-32 degrees Celsius • Freshwater bacterium • Grows best in pH between 6.2 and 7.0 • NaCl tolerance of less than 1% • Carbon sources: D-glucose, D-galactose, maltose, cellobiose, and N-acetlyglucosamine

  17. Isophaera pallida • Moderate thermophile • Optimal growth temp. is 41 degrees Celsius, but can survive at 55 degrees Celsius. • Inhabits thermal springs • Lives is oxygen saturated water with exposure to high solar radiation levels • Contains carotenoids even though it is not phototrophic. Believed that it helps the bacteria align itself with the radiation.

  18. Planctomyces bekefii • Lives solely in polluted water having pH of 6.8 to 9.4 • Congregate to form rosettes- formed by individuals pointing their stalks inward and their cell bodies outward.

  19. How can they be used. • Anammox - nitrogen cycling in oceans • Anammox – biological wastewater treatment • Pl. bekefii may serve as indicator of eutrophic conditions

  20. Questions?

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