Lecture Outlines Chapter 8 Environment: The Science behind the Stories 4th Edition

1. Lecture Outlines Chapter 8 Environment:The Science behind the Stories 4th Edition Withgott/Brennan

2. Notes HW • Write each slide title on the left side of the paper • Summarize provided information on the right side of the paper • If there are slides with Objectives or “this lecture will help you understand” you do NOT need to write these. • Define any words or answer any questions or fill in the blanks when something appears in red. • Sometimes it is a question linked to a website you should view • Sometime there are comments written in purple. You do not need to write these. They are just my personal commentary  • Be prepared to discuss questions at the end.

3. This lecture will help you understand: • Human population growth • Different viewpoints on this growth • Population, affluence, and technology’s effects • Demography • Demographic transition • Factors affecting population growth • The HIV/AIDS epidemic • Population and sustainable development

4. Case study: China’s one-child policy • In 1970, China’s 790 million people faced starvation • The government instituted a one-child policy • The growth rate plummeted • The policy is now less strict • The successful program has unintended consequences: • Killing of female infants • Black-market trade in teenage girls

5. Our world at seven billion • Populations continue to rise in most countries • Particularly in poverty-stricken developing nations • Although the rate of growth is slowing, we are still increasing in numbers It would take 30 years, counting once each second, to count to a billion! It would take 210 years to count to 7 billion!

6. The human population is growing rapidly • Our population grows by over 80 million each year • It took until 1800 to reach 1 billion • In 1930 (130 years later) we reached 2 billion • We added the most recent billion in 12 years

7. The human population is growing rapidly Which countries contain the majority of the world’s population growth? Rule of 70 ? 70 ÷ % growth rate = doubling time in years Or 70 ÷ doubling time in years = % growth rate US growth rate is 1% How many years until it doubles? 70 ÷1 = 70 years China’s growth rate is .7% How many years until it doubles? Sudan’s population doubles every 35 years. What is its growth rate? Figure 9-5

8. Rates of growth vary from region to region • At today’s 1.2% global growth rate, the population will double in 58 years (70/1.2 = 58) • If China’s rate had continued at 2.8%, it would have had 2 billion people in 2004

9. Is population growth a problem? • Technology, sanitation, medication, and increased food increase population • Death rates drop, but not birth rates • Population growth was seen as good • Support for elderly, a larger labor pool • Thomas Malthus’An Essay on the Principles of Population (1798) • Humans will outstrip food supplies • War, disease, starvation reduce populations

10. Paul Ehrlich’s Population Bomb (1968) • Neo-Malthusians: population growth will increase faster than food production • Population growth causes famine and conflict • Civilization would end by the end of the 20th century • Intensified food production fed more people

11. Population growth will affect quality of life • Population growth has caused famine, disease, conflict • Prosperity, education, gender equality reduce birth rates • Cornucopians (e.g., economists) say new resources will replace depleted ones • But some resources (e.g., species) are irreplaceable • Quality of life will suffer with unchecked growth • Less space, food, wealth per person

12. Some governments fear falling populations • Policymakers believe population growth increases economic, political, and military strength • But growth is correlated with poverty, not wealth • Strong, rich nations have low growth rates • Weak, poor nations have high growth rates • Some nations offer incentives for more children • Elderly need social services • 49% of non-European nations feel their birth rates are too high

13. Demography • Demography ? • All population principles apply to humans • Environmental factors limit population growth • Humans raise the environment’s carrying capacity through technology

14. Demography • Demographers study: • Population size • Density and distribution • Age structure • Sex ratio • Birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates

15. Population size and density • The UN predicts 9 billion by 2050 • Increased density impacts the environment • But relieves pressure in less-populated areas • Highest density: temperate, subtropical, tropical biomes • Cities • Lowest density: away from water

16. Population distribution Describe both of this pictures?

17. Age structure diagrams/ population pyramids show age structure A • Age structure affects population size • Wide base = many young: • High reproduction • Rapid population growth • Even age distribution: • Remains stable • Births = deaths • Which pyramid shows decreasing, increasing, & stable population? B C

18. Age structure diagrams/ population pyramids show age structure • Many populations are aging/ getting older • They will need care and financial assistance • Taxes will increase for Social Security and Medicare • The elderly can remain productive • Human sex ratios at birth slightly favor males -For every 100 females born, 106 males are born

19. Immigration and emigration-Environmental & Political Refugees • War, civil strife, and environmental degradation cause people to flee their homes • Each year, 25 million refugees escape poor environmental conditions • This movement causes environmental problems • No incentives to conserve resources • Give 2 examples of current environmental & political refugees?

20. Falling growth rates do not mean fewer people Population momentum ?

21. Factors affecting total fertility rate • Total fertility rate (TFR) ? • Replacement fertility ? • Causes of decreasing TFR: • Medical care reduces infant mortality • Urbanization increases childcare costs • Children go to school instead of working • Social Security supports the elderly • Educated women enter the labor force

22. Life expectancy is increasing • In countries with good sanitation, health care, and food, people live longer • Life expectancy ? • Increases with reduced rates of infant mortality • Urbanization, industrialization, and personal wealth reduce infant mortality rates

23. Demographic transition • Demographic transition ? • A stable pre-industrial state of high birth and death rates changes to a stable post-industrial state of low birth and death rates • As mortality decreases, there is less need for large families • Parents invest in quality of life • Death rates fall before birth rates • Resulting in population growth

24. The demographic transition’s four stages Describe each of the 4 stages?

25. We are a long way from gender equity • Over 60% of the world’s poor are women • Violence against women remains shockingly common • Many men resist women’s decision making • The gap is obvious at high levels of government • We are a long way from achieving gender equality The U.S. lags behind the world in proportion of women representatives

26. HIV/AIDS impacts African populations • The AIDS epidemic is having the greatest impact since the Black Death in the 14th century • Of 33 million infected, two-thirds live in sub-Saharan Africa; 3,800 die/day • Low rates of contraceptive use spread the disease Sad but true

27. AIDS has severe effects • AIDS undermines the ability of poor nations to develop • Millions of orphans are created • Fewer teachers and workers to fill jobs • Families and communities break down • Income and food production decline • Debt and medical costs skyrocket

28. 8-A • Why has the human population continued to grow in spite of environmental limitations? Do you think this growth is sustainable? Explain. • Explain the IPAT model. How can technology either increase or decrease environmental impact. • What is total fertility rate (TFR)? What is replacement level fertility rate? • Describe the beliefs of Thomas Malthus & Paul Ehrlich.

29. 8-B • Why have fertility rates fallen in many countries? • Why is the empowerment of women and the pursuit of gender equality important to controlling population growth? • Why do poorer societies have higher population growth rates than wealthier societies? How does poverty affect the environment? How does affluence affect the environment? • Explain the demographic transition model. How does it explain recent increases in population growth in some countries and decreases in others?

30. QUESTION: Review What has accounted for the majority of the world’s population growth in recent years? a) Women are having more babies b) Death rates have dropped due to technology, medicine, and food c) More women are using contraceptives d) Nothing, the population has dropped in recent years

31. QUESTION: Review What has accounted for the majority of the world’s population growth in recent years? a) Women are having more babies b) Death rates have dropped due to technology, medicine, and food c) More women are using contraceptives d) Nothing, the population has dropped in recent years

32. QUESTION: Review How have humans been able to raise the environment’s carrying capacity for our species? a) Through technology b) By eliminating limiting factors c) Through increased consumption d) Spending more money on non-essential resources

33. QUESTION: Review How have humans been able to raise the environment’s carrying capacity for our species? a) Through technology b) By eliminating limiting factors c) Through increased consumption d) Spending more money on non-essential resources

34. QUESTION: Review Areas that lack significant numbers of people, and have a low population density are: a)No longer available b) Best able to support higher densities of people c) Sensitive areas least able to support high densitiesof people d) Located around tropical and grassland areas

35. QUESTION: Review Areas that lack significant numbers of people, and have a low population density are: a)No longer available b) Best able to support higher densities of people c) Sensitive areas least able to support high densities of people d) Located around tropical and grassland areas

36. QUESTION: Review Describe the relationship between growth rates and population size. a) Falling growth rates automatically mean a smaller population. b) Falling growth rates automatically mean a larger population. c) Falling growth rates mean we no longer have a population problem. d) Falling growth rates do not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing.

37. QUESTION: Review Describe the relationship between growth rates and population size. a) Falling growth rates automatically mean a smaller population. b) Falling growth rates automatically mean a larger population. c) Falling growth rates mean we no longer have a population problem. d) Falling growth rates do not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing.

38. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data a) Balanced b) Larger c) Much larger • Smaller • Much smaller According to this age pyramid, Madagascar’s future population will be:

39. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data a) Balanced b) Larger c) Much larger • Smaller • Much smaller According to this age pyramid, Madagascar’s future population will be:

40. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What happens during the “pre-industrial” stage of the demographic transition? • High birth and death rates cause the population to increase • High birth and death rates, but the population is stable • High birth rates with low death rates cause the population to increase • Low birth and death rates cause the population to decrease

41. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What happens during the “pre-industrial” stage of the demographic transition? • High birth and death rates cause the population to increase • High birth and death rates, but the population is stable • High birth rates with low death rates cause the population to increase • Low birth and death rates cause the population to decrease

42. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data a) Iraq and Pakistan b) Malawi and Haiti c) Malawi and Kenya • Kenya and Bangladesh According to these graphs, which countries had access to family planning?

43. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data a) Iraq and Pakistan b) Malawi and Haiti Malawi and Kenya Kenya and Bangladesh According to these graphs, which countries had access to family planning?

44. As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? • The preindustrial • The pretransitional • The transitional • The industrial • The post industrial

45. As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? • The preindustrial • The pretransitional • The transitional • The industrial • The post industrial

46. Which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global stability? • Recycling aluminum cans • Using fuel-efficient vehicles • Replanting deforested areas • Reducing the human population • Developing ecotourism venues

47. Which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global stability? • Recycling aluminum cans • Using fuel-efficient vehicles • Replanting deforested areas • Reducing the human population • Developing ecotourism venues

48. Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society? • The total fertility of a society is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate • The total fertility of a society is the number of children necessary for a couple to replace themselves in the next generation • The total fertility of a society is negatively correlated with the average education of women • The total fertility of a society is positively correlated with the number of women of child-bearing age • The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition

49. Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society? • The total fertility of a society is the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate • The total fertility of a society is the number of children necessary for a couple to replace themselves in the next generation • The total fertility of a society is negatively correlated with the average education of women • The total fertility of a society is positively correlated with the number of women of child-bearing age • The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition

50. Which of the following is the best description of a population that has a stable age distribution? • A large population that is growing at a constant rate • A large population with a negative growth rate • A population that is in the early stages of logistic population growth • A growing population in which the proportions of individuals in the different age classes remain constant • A small population that has not yet achieved exponential growth