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Blood & Endocrine System: Functions and Components

Learn about the role and components of the blood and endocrine system, including hormones, blood cells, and clotting mechanisms. Understand the process of hematopoiesis and the formation of red blood cells. Explore the structure and activity of hormones, including both steroid and nonsteroid hormones. Discover the functions of the pituitary gland and its hormones.

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Blood & Endocrine System: Functions and Components

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  1. Blood & Endocrine System Joshua Topacio Paul Lim Noelani Noriega Justin Amador Per. 2

  2. What is this system and what is its purpose? • Control system of ductless glands that secrete hormones within specific organs • Hormones act as “messengers” and are carried by the bloodstream to different cells in the body, which interpret these messages and act on them. • Controls height, weight, growth, maturation, adaptation to stress, sexual response, reproduction, aging, and maintains homeostasis • Without it, there would be no regulation • Hormones released into the extracellular areas to the bloodstream, and then to the rest of the body.

  3. Erythrocytes(red blood cells) • Their job is to transport oxygen • Makes up 40-50% of total blood • Red because of oxygenation • The average lifespan of a red blood cell is 4 months

  4. Leukocytes(White blood cells) • Produced in bone marrow just like red blood cells. Also produced in thymus gland • They get rid of dead or dying blood cells and foreign matter like dust • Makes up a small part of bloods volume (1%) • Life span is about 18-36 hours

  5. Thrombocytes(Platelets) • A blood cell that clogs small ruptures • Cell fragments (no nuclei)

  6. plazma • Its purpose is to carry blood throughout the body • Made of water sugar, salt solution, and fat • Accounts for about of 55% of bloods volume

  7. Hematopoiesis • Hematopoiesis: The formation of blood cells • Begins in red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells. When the stem cells commits it will become a red blood cell. • Our body makes about two million red blood cells every second.

  8. Cell counting • Cell counting is used to determine a persons health. • A hemocytometer is the tool most used. • It can be used to determine how quickly a pathogen is growing or to prepare for the correct amount of medicine.

  9. Erythropoiesis • Erythropoiesis: the process in which erythrocytes (RBCs) are produced.- stimulated by decreased oxygen in circulation.- detected by kidneys.- secrete erythropoietin hormone.

  10. Erythropoiesis (cont.) • Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates proliferation & differentiation of red cell precursors. It controls the rate of RBC formation.- activate increased erythropoiesis in the hematopoietic tissue .- Hematopoietic Tissue: blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers & cells.

  11. Clotting components and Mechanisms • Coagulation: causes formation of a blood clot by a series of reactions (chain reaction)

  12. Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.) • Release of biochemicals from broken vessels/ tissues Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism • Blood contact with foreign surfaces Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism

  13. Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.) • Extrinsic Clotting • Tissues and Calcium • Intrinsic Clotting • Vascular System and platelets

  14. Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.) • Prevention: Endothelium, heparin- secreting cells (liver & lungs), alpha globulin • Fibrin threads grab onto or absorb thrombin when a clot is forming. The bindings are also a prevention.

  15. Structure of Hormones • Chemistry • Range: Steroid to nonsteroids and everything in between • All organic

  16. Steroid hormones • Cholesterol is the base • Things attached to cholesterol differentiate

  17. Nonsteroid Hormones • Amines • Exs. Norepinephrine and epinephrine • From amino acid tyrosine

  18. Nonsteroid Hormones • Protein hormones

  19. Nonsteroid Hormones • Glycoproteins • From anterior pituitary glands

  20. Nonsteroid Hormones • Posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus

  21. Hormones Activity • Must bind to a receptor • Up regulation / down regulation

  22. Steroid Hormones and Thyroid hormones • Weakly bind to plasma proteins

  23. Nonsteroid Hormones bonding

  24. Common 2nd messengers • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

  25. Common 2nd messenger effects • Alter membrane permeability • Activate enzymes • Promote synthesis of certain proteins • Stimulate or inhibit metabolic pathways • Promote cellular movement • Initiate hormone secretion or other

  26. PROSTAGLANDINS • Paracrine substances • Powerful but rarely used Can regulate cellular responses to hormones can stop adenylatecyclase Effects: Relax smooth muscle to smooth pathways, contractions, influence sodium concentrations, regulate blood pressure, affect reproductive physiology, inflame

  27. PITUITARY Gland • Releases from hypothalamus

  28. Pituitary gland (cont.) • Anterior pituitary hormones • Growth hormone • Controlled by somatostatin • Prolactin • Female: Promotes breast development and milk production • Male: decreases LH

  29. Pituitary gland (cont.) • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) • Controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone regulates

  30. Pituitary gland (cont.) • Adrenacorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • Controls adrenal cortex hormones

  31. Pituitary gland (cont.) • Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormones are gonadotropins (affecting reproductive organs)

  32. Pituitary gland (cont.) • Posterior pituitary hormones • Hormones from hypothalamus • ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) • Causes kidneys to keep in water • Oxycotin (OT) • Antidiuretic effect and contracts uterine wall muscles

  33. Thyroid gland • In neck • Follicle cells secrete • Thyroxine and triiodothyronine • Increases metabolism rate, enhance protein synthesis, and stimulate lipid breakdown. • Calcitonin • Lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations (regulate calcium) • Parathyroid hormone • Reviewed from skeletal unit

  34. Adrenal Glands

  35. Adrenal Glands • Medulla: Epinephrine and norepinephrine • Increase heart rate, muscle contraction, elevate blood pressure, increase breathing rate, decrease digestive activity Cortex: • Aldosterone saves sodium and excretes potassium • Helps maintain blood volume and pressure • Cortisol • Stops protein synthesis, releases fatty acids, and stimulates glucose production from noncarbs

  36. Adrenal Glands • Sex hormones • Supplement sex hormones of gonads

  37. Pancreas • Islets of langerhans • Secretes: • Glucagon: stimulates liverto make glucose and breakfat down • Insulin stimulates glucosestorage, and proteinsynthesis, and stimulatefat storage • Somatostatin inhibitsinsulin and glucagon

  38. Pineal Gland • Melatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotropins

  39. Thymus gland • Thymosin is for immunity

  40. Other glands of organs • Organs of other systems (cardio, digestive) also have glands • REPRODUCTIVE • Placenta: Estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropin • Ovaries: Estrogen, progesterone • Testes secrete testosterone

  41. Other glands of organs • Situated at linings of stomach and small intestine • Liver: IGF for immediate growth • Heart secretes atrialartriuretic peptide hormone • kidneys secrete erythropoietein

  42. Control of Secretions • Half-life • Control Sources • Hepcidin • Blocks iron to hinder viruses using it • Thrombopoietin (TPO) • Bone marrow differntiates into megakaryocytes to platelets for clotting

  43. Control of Secretions • Angiotensinogen precedes angiotensin to handle blood pressure • All of these sense hormone concentration, hormonal process, or an action hormone has on internal environment

  44. Control of Secretions • Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary gland’s release of tropic hormone • Nervous system keeps the hypothalamus updated

  45. Control of Secretions • Positive and negative feedback

  46. Blood TYping • Definition • A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells

  47. ABO Blood group System • Most important blood-group system in human-blood transfusion • Based on 2 genes, one from each parent • Found on surface of red blood cells

  48. Rh Blood group system • Second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion • Also found on surface of red blood cells • Consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and e are most important • Commonly used terms Rh factor, Rh positive, and Rh negativerefer to D antigen • People who have the Rh factor are Rh-positive, and those that don’t are Rh negative

  49. compatability • ABO incompatibility occurs when people receive a different blood type • Rh incompatibility occurs when Rh-negative people receive Rh-positive blood • Pregnancy

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