AP European History Review Session #4

1. AP European HistoryReview Session #4 World War I and the Russian Revolution, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, Modern Europe

2. Overview • Europe’s peak (1914) and decline (1915 – today) • World War I: causes, conduct of the war, effects • Russian Revolution: causes, Communist consolidation • Inter-War period: Western Europe, the Great Depression, the rise of Fascism • World War II: causes, Axis victories, Allied triumph • Cold War: Western rebuilding, Soviet control of the east, the Cold War • Modern Europe: Russia, expansion of the West, Yugoslavia, current challenges

3. World War I the Key Questions • what were the causes of World War I? • why did the Allies win? • what were the effects of World War I?

4. World War I - Causes MAIN (Long term) causes • Militarism: arms race/buildup (esp. Germany) • Alliances: Triple Alliance, Triple Entente • Imperialism: esp. competition in Africa • Nationalism: crises in the Balkans Short Term Causes • assassination of the Archduke • ultimatum

5. World War I - Events • Allies vs. Central Powers • Western Front: the Schlieffen Plan, trench warfare • Eastern Front: Russian weakness and withdrawal • Total War • US entry: unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman Telegram

6. World War I - Results • Germany gives up • Wilson’s 14 Points: self-determination, end of secret treaties, free trade, arms reduction, League of Nations • the Treaty of Versailles: the Big Four, “war guilt” clause, reparations • Results: thousandsdead, end of empires, Communism in Russia, angry Germans, Italians, Japanese, French, etc.  World War II • don’t forget the Spanish Flu

7. the Russian Revolution the Key Questions • why did it start? • why did it evolve into a Communist revolution? • how did the Bolsheviks consolidate their power?

8. the Russian Revolution – Origins • long-term causes: Alexander III and Nicholas II (Autocracy), Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Russo-Japanese War, Revolution of 1905 and Bloody Sunday, Duma • the Revolution: World War I, Rasputin, February (March) Revolution, Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin and Leninism, “peace, land, and bread,” Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Civil War!

9. the Russian Revolution –Creating the USSR • Lenin: Leninism, NEP • Trotsky vs. Stalin • Stalin: Five-Year Plans, collectivization, genocide?, purges

10. Inter-War Period the Key Questions • how did World War I effect politics, society, art, and economics? • what caused the Great Depression? • what were the effects of the Great Depression? • how did the Western democracies cope with the Great Depression? • how did Fascism take hold in Italy and Germany?

11. the Inter-War Period – the Western Democracies • Britain: the rise of the Labour Party, the Irish Question • France: the war causes economic problems, Socialism / social welfare programs and the conservative reaction

12. the Inter-War Period – the Great Depression • causes: the strains of WWI, overspeculation, abuse of credit, Stock Market crash, little regulation • effects: massive unemployment, Keynesian economics, rise of Fascism

13. the Rise of Fascism • Italy: • causes: anger about WWI and fear of communism • features: Mussolini, Blackshirts, March on Rome, corporatism, election rigging, peace with the Pope • Germany: • causes: anger about WWI, inflation and the destruction of the German economy • features: Weimar Republic, Hitler, Mein Kampf, Reichstag fire, Gestapo, SS, autarchy, persecution of the Jews: Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht

14. World War II the Key Questions • what were the causes of World War II? • what were the key features of the conflict? how was it different than previous wars? • what were the phases of the war and how did the Allies eventually win?

15. World War II - Causes • long-term causes: WWI, economic troubles, ethnic tensions esp. anti-Semitism • the road to war: Japan and Manchuria, re-arming Germany, the Rhineland, appeasement, the Spanish Civil War, Japan and China, • precipitating events: Anschluss, the Sudetenland, Munich Conference and Chamberlain’s “peace for our time,” all of Czechoslovakia, Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

16. World War II – the fighting • Axis Ascendant: invasion of Poland, Blitzkrieg, Phony War, France defeated  the Vichy Regime, Battle of Britain, Hitler invades the USSR, Pearl Harbor, the Final Solution, Rommel in Africa • Turning Points: Battle of Midway, Battle of Stalingrad, Rommel defeated in North Africa • Allies Triumphant: Casablanca and unconditional surrender, D-Day, the Battle of the Bulge, firebombing Dresden, Germany surrenders, island hopping, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders • Diplomacy: Yalta Conference, the UN, Potsdam Conference

17. the Cold War the Key Questions • how was Europe (and the world) organized after World War II? • how did Europe recover from World War II? in the west? in the east? • how did the Cold War impact the dismantling of European empires? • when was the Cold War the coldest? when was it the hottest? • who won the Cold War? how?

18. Europe after World War II • the West: • economic “miracle” through the Marshall Plan, occupation of Germany • decolonization: British India, French Indochina, Africa, the Middle East esp. Israel and Palestine • European unity: European Coal and Steel Community  European Economic Community  Common Market  European Union • the East: Soviet satellites, East Berlin, crushing dissent in Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia (Brezhnev Doctrine), Khrushchev condemned Stalin, massive industrialization and technological advancements

19. the Cold War • Truman Doctrine • Berlin (blockade, airlift, wall) • NATO and the Warsaw Pact • atomic and nuclear weapons – acquisition, MADness, deterrence, non-proliferation, missile gap, test ban treaty • the Chinese Civil War and “losing China” • the Korean War • Cuba (revolution, Bay of Pigs, Missile Crisis) • Vietnam War • Nixon goes to China  détente • Afghanistan and the end of détente • Reagan and Gorbachev • perestroika and glasnost • end of the Cold War: Solidarity, slow, peaceful change, quick collapse of Communism, violence in Romania

20. Modern Europe • Russia after the Cold War: collapse of the USSR, independence for the republics, Yeltsin, Putin, the mob, oil money • German unification • growth of NATO and the EU • economic issues

21. FRQ Practice Analyze the economic and social challenges faced by Western Europe in the period from 1945 to 1989 (2008 A #4). Describe and analyze economic policies in Eastern and Western Europe after 1945.(2006 B #3)

22. Other tricky prompts Identify the grievances of the groups that made up the Third Estate In France on the eve of the French Revolution, and analyze the extent to which ONE of these groups was able to address its grievances in the period 1789 to 1799. Compare and contrast the crises in state authority that precipitated the French Revolution in 1789 and the February and October Revolutions in Russia in 1917.