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chapter 2 . I. Personality. chapter 2. Defining personality and traits. Personality Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual [p42] Trait
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chapter 2 I. Personality
chapter 2 Defining personality and traits • Personality Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual [p42] • Trait A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling [p42]
chapter 2 Big Five [pp50-51] • Openness vs resistance • Conscientiousness vs impulsiveness • Extroversion vs introversion • Agreeableness vs antagonism • Neuroticism vs emotional stability
chapter 2 Heredity and temperament Temperaments[p54] Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways Present in infancy, assumed to be innate Relatively stable over time Includes Reactivity Soothability Positive and negative emotionality
Genes [p53] • Made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Units of heredity that make up the chromosomes
Identical twins develop from a single fertilized egg AKA: monozygotic twins Fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs that have each been fertilized by a sperm cell AKA: dizygotic twins Twins [p56]
B.F. Skinner • Radical behaviorism • Personality is ones behavior • Change environment to change behavior
chapter 2 Albert Bandura’s social cognitive perspective Reciprocal determinism Two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits [p59]
chapter 2 Culture, values, and traits Culture[p61] A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society A set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community
chapter 2 Culture, values, and traits Individualist cultures Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others [p62] Collectivist cultures Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes [p62]
chapter 2 Humanists—the inner experience [p66] • capacity for personal growth • freedom to choose • positive qualities
chapter 2 Carl Rogers Unconditional positive regard A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is unqualified [p66] Conditional positive regard A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior [p66]
Carl Rogers [p66] • Self concept: an individual’s overall perceptions of their abilities, behaviors, and personality • The selfand the ideal self
chapter 2 Evaluating humanist approaches [p67] Hard to operationally define many of the concepts Added balance to the study of personality Encouraged others to focus on “positive psychology” Fostered new appreciation for resilience
chapter 2 Psychodynamic theories [p42] Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious dynamics within the individual, with a focus on: • Early life experiences • Stages of psychological development • Fantasies • Symbolic meanings
chapter 2 The structure of personality [p43] Id: operates according to the pleasure principle Primitive, unconscious part of personality Ego: operates according to the reality principle Mediates between id and superego Superego: moral ideals, conscience
chapter 2 Defense mechanisms Methods used by the ego to to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness [p43]
chapter 2 Defense mechanisms [pp43-44] • Repression • Rationalization • Displacement • Sublimation • Projection • Reaction formation • Denial • Regression
chapter 2 Repression The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness [p43]
chapter 2 Rationalization The defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions [not in textbook]
chapter 2 Displacement A defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person [p44]
chapter 2 Sublimation Occurs when the ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one [not in textbook]
chapter 2 Projection A defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others [p44]
chapter 2 Reaction Formation A defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites [p44]
chapter 2 Denial Occurs when the ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities [p44]
chapter 2 Regression A defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile stage of development [p44]
Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development [pp44-45] Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital Fixation occurs when stages aren’t resolved successfully chapter 2 Personality development
chapter 2 Evaluating psychodynamic theories [p48] Three scientific failings • Violating the principle of falsifiability • Drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients • Basing theories of personality development on retrospective accounts and the fallible memories of patients
