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Teaching American History

Teaching American History. Leadership in Colonial America. Agenda for the Day. Intro Political leadership: William Shirley Leadership in Native American Communities: Pontiac & Neolin Cultural leadership: Benjamin Franklin [Break for Lunch]

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Teaching American History

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  1. Teaching American History Leadership in Colonial America

  2. Agenda for the Day • Intro • Political leadership: William Shirley • Leadership in Native American Communities: Pontiac & Neolin • Cultural leadership: Benjamin Franklin • [Break for Lunch] • Leading voices against slavery: Venture Smith & John Woolman • Economic leaders: Eliza Lucas Pinckney

  3. Introduction – 18th Century Colonial British North America • In what contexts do you currently teach colonial America? • What do you currently emphasize? • What are the main points of the Countryman reading?

  4. Political Leadership William Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts from 1741-58

  5. Questions for William Shirley • How did he rise to become governor? • What challenges did he face as governor? • How did he respond?

  6. Early life in England • Born 1694 • The Shirley family • Education • His patron: the Duke of Newcastle

  7. Shirley in Massachusetts • 1731: moves to Boston • 1733:Judge on he admiralty court • 1741: becomes governor

  8. Political Context Appointed Governors Elected lower house Power to raise revenue Sets salary of governor Governor’s council Limited enforcement mechanisms Economic Context Navigation Acts (1651) Molasses Act (1763) Enforcement? Shirley’s challenges

  9. Shirley’s Responses • What are his possible options in dealing with the legislature? • Dispenses patronage • Seeks assistance from patrons • Written appeals to responsibility to king and people • King George’s war provides opportunity • Visits defenses in Harbor & in Maine • Greater defense spending • Assault on French fort at Louisbourg (1745)

  10. Cape Breton Island

  11. Shirley estate in Roxbury

  12. How does political leadership now compare to Shirley’s experience?

  13. Native American Leadership: Pontiac & Neolin

  14. Questions • How was leadership among the Ottawa and Delaware different from leadership in colonial Massachusetts? • What challenges did Pontiac face? • How did he respond?

  15. Native American Populations ca. 1740

  16. End of French and Indian War • Lord Amherst: • Prohibit certain trade goods to Native Americans • Refuse to establish new trade posts • Limit use of gifts to cement alliances

  17. Pontiac (ca. 1720-1769) • Member of Ottawa nation • Ottawa culture • Leadership among the Ottawa • Role of trade in leadership • Ogema • Pontiac’s challenges

  18. Neolin • Member of the Delaware (Lenni Lenape) • Delaware compared with Ottawa • Neolin’s response

  19. Pontiac’s War & its aftermath • First major pan-Indian uprising • Ends in stalemate • Effect on the British Empire • Effect on Ohio Valley Indians

  20. What is the historical significance of Pontiac and Neolin?

  21. Benjamin Franklin • 1705-1790 • Question: What does this document tell us about Franklin’s role in shaping & reflecting American culture?

  22. Franklin as an Enlightenment Figure • Enlightenment Attitudes • The nature of knowledge • Attitude toward God • Worldliness & Urbanity • Enlightenment Forms • Written Word • Learned Societies

  23. Leaders responding to slavery Venture Smith & John Woolman

  24. Questions • What kind of slave societies existed in British America? • What specific challenges did Smith and Woolman face? • How did they respond?

  25. Venture Smith • 1729?-1805 • Born in West Africa • Brought to Rhode Island at age 8 • Eventually purchases freedom for himself and family • Serves in Continental army • Writes narrative in 1798

  26. Slavery in the Northern Colonies • One of 4 slave systems • Labor • Social life • Change over time

  27. How does the document illuminate the challenges facing Smith?

  28. John Woolman • 1720-1772 • Born in New Jersey • Prominent Quaker • Writes Journal, published in 1774 • Outspoken antiwar and antislavery advocate

  29. The Quaker context • Emerges in mid-17th Century England • Founded by George Fox • Radical beginnings • rejection of hierarchy • Emphasis on “inner light” • More moderate by 1670s • Migration to colonies

  30. Woolman’s efforts • Recognition of slavery • What Woolman was up against • Woolman’s appeal • His legacy

  31. Economic Leaders Eliza Lucas Pinckney

  32. Questions • How does Eliza L. Pinckney show leadership? • In what ways was Pinckney representative of women in colonial British America? • In what ways was she atypical?

  33. Eliza Lucas Pinckney • 1722-1793 • Early Life in England • 1738: Moved to South Carolina • 1744: first successful indigo crop • 1753: death of husband

  34. Pinckney and indigo • “I love the vegetable world extremely” • Experimentation • Limits of SC’s staples • Indigo’s problems and promise • 1744: success

  35. Questions • How does Eliza L. Pinckney show leadership? • In what ways was Pinckney representative of women in colonial British America? • In what ways was she atypical?

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