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Temperature

Temperature. Temperature Air Temperature Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature World Patterns of Air Temperature Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect. Temperature. A measure of the level of sensible heat of matter

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Temperature

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  1. Temperature • Temperature • Air Temperature • Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere • The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature • World Patterns of Air Temperature • Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect

  2. Temperature • A measure of the level of sensible heat of matter • Determined by the balance of energy flows

  3. Temperature United States scale Vs The rest of the World

  4. Temperature • Temperature • Air Temperature • Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere • The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature • World Patterns of Air Temperature • Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect

  5. Five key factors influence Air Temperature Insolation - daily and seasonal variations Latitude - also daily and seasonal variations, and energy deficit Surface type - albedo of surface as well as surface moisture Location (coastal vs. interior) - temperature range is lower at coasts Elevation - thinner atmosphere means less greenhouse effect

  6. Air Temperature – Daily Cycle of Insolation • Insolation varies with time of day, season and location • During the day Insolation is positive, During the night it is negative • Net Radiation- the balance between incoming and outgoing radiation

  7. Air Temperature – Daily Cycle of Net Radiation • When net radiation is • Positive (surplus) a surface gains heat • when net radiation is negative (deficit) a surface loses heat

  8. Air Temperature – Daily Cycle of Temperature • Positive net radiation leads to an increase in temperature • (notice that there is a time lag)

  9. Air Temperature – The Urban Heat Island • Water is channeled so surfaces tend to be dry • Surfaces are often dark (asphalt) • Building materials store heat, and heat is released from buildings

  10. Cooler Temperatures - rural areas • Transpiration (or evaporation from leaves) cools the surface and the air around the plant • Evaporation from moist soils also cools the area • These two combined = Evapotranspiration

  11. The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature Location: Land and Water Contrasts • Land heats and cools quickly while water heats and cools slowly Figure 3.15, p. 101

  12. The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature: Land and Water Contrasts • Maritime locations experience a smaller • annual range of • temperature (maritime climates) • Continental locations experience a larger • annual range of • temperature (continental climates)

  13. Elevation and Temperature • Generally temperatures drop with altitude • Daily temperature range also increases

  14. Temperature • Temperature • Air Temperature • Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere • The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature • World Patterns of Air Temperature • Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect

  15. Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere Heat is transferred through the atmosphere by: Conduction (direct heat transfer from the heated ground surface to the atmosphere) Convection (heat transfer by warm air moving to colder upper atmosphere) Advection (heat transfer by warm air mixing with colder adjacent air)

  16. Atmosphere = gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth • Made up of a series of layers • Atmosphere is held down by gravity • Most of the atmosphere’s mass is near the surface Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere

  17. Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere • The atmosphere is largely warmed from below • Thus the farther away the air is from the surface the colder it will be. • The decrease in air temperature with the increase in altitude is called the environmentallapse rate

  18. IG4e_03_09

  19. Temperature • Temperature • Air Temperature • Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere • The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature • World Patterns of Air Temperature • Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect

  20. Net Radiation and Temperature • Tilt of earth causes annual variation in insolation Which causes annual cycle of net radiation Which causes annual cycle of air temperatures. • Varying by latitude and location: • As latitude increases temperature range increases

  21. Temperature • Temperature • Air Temperature • Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere • The Annual Cycle of Air Temperature • World Patterns of Air Temperature

  22. World Patterns of Air Temperature Isothermal Map • Distribution of air temperatures shown on a map use isotherms (lines of equal temperature) • Reveals centers of low or high temperatures, and temperature gradients

  23. World Patterns of Air Temperature Air Temperature patterns are determined by: Latitude- as latitude increases annual insolation decreases (temperatures decrease from the equator to the poles) 2. Elevation- higher elevations have cooler temps.

  24. 3. Principle of continentality: coastal areas have more uniform temps while inland locations show a much larger variation in annual temperature

  25. 4. Ocean Currents

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