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Before . Page 288 chart practice. Answer 2 questions. Answers only. Chapter 8 Section 3. The Fall of the Republic. I. Trouble in the Republic. Government officials were dishonest, stole money, and the gap between patricians and plebeians grew

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  1. Before Page 288 chart practice. Answer 2 questions. Answers only.

  2. Chapter 8Section 3 The Fall of the Republic

  3. I. Trouble in the Republic • Government officials were dishonest, stole money, and the gap between patricians and plebeians grew • Thousands of farmers faced ruin because the wealthy bought land to create latufundia (la*tuh*fuhn*dee*uh), or large farming estates • Displaced farmers headed to the cities which became overcrowded and dangerous

  4. Roman politicians worried about riots. • To win the votes of the poor, politicians created cheap food and entertainment called “bread andcircuses.”

  5. Why Did Reform Fail? • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were two wealthy brothers who tried to reform government. • They asked the Senate to take back public land from the rich and divide it among landless Romans. • Both brothers were killed by the Roman senators.

  6. The Army Enters Politics • A military leader named Marius became consul in 107 B.C. and began recruiting soldiers from the poor, landless farmers • Marius changed the Roman army from citizen volunteers to paid professional soldiers. • Soldiers became motivated by material rewards rather than a sense of duty.

  7. Marius’s new military system led to new power struggles. • In 82 B.C., another general named Sulla drove Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and spent three years reforming government before resigning office.

  8. II. Julius Caesar • After Sulla left office, many leaders battled for power. • By 60 B.C., three men were considered the most powerful 1) Crassus 2) Pompey 3) Julius Caesar

  9. Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar formed the First Triumvirate (try*uhm*vuh*ruht) to rule Rome. • A triumvirate is a political alliance of three people.

  10. *Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C. *Senate was fearful of Caesar’s popularity w/poor • The Senate wanted Caesar to give up his army and for Pompey to rule Rome alone. • Caesar decided to fight and marched into Rome, destroying Pompey’s army in 48 B.C. • B

  11. Caesar’s Rise to Power • In 44 B.C., Caesar declared himself dictator of Rome for life and filled the Senate w/those loyal to him • Caesar became popular with Rome’s poor because: • Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories outside of Italy • Started new colonies to provide land for the landless • Created work for the jobless • Ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free workers

  12. Caesar created the Julian calendar with 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year. • The Julian calendar was modified in A.D. 1582 to become the Gregorian calendar. • The Gregorian calendar, based on the birth of Christ, has been used in the United States since its beginning and it used by most countries in the world today.

  13. Caesar had many enemies who feared he wanted to become king. • Caesar ignored a famous warning to “beware the Ides of March” (March 15). • Caesar’s enemies, led by senators Cassius and Brutus, killed Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C.

  14. III. Rome Becomes an Empire (pgs. 282-283) • Caesar’s death caused a civil war between the people that killed him and his supporters. • Octavian was Caesar’s grandnephew and inherited Caesar’s wealth. • Antony and Lepidus were two of Caesar’s top generals. • Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the SecondTriumvirate.

  15. The members of the Second Triumvirate began to quarrel immediately. • Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from politics • Octavian took control of western Rome and Antony took control of eastern Rome. • Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VIII and formed an alliance with her. • Octavian declared war on Antony to keep him from taking over the republic.

  16. Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at the Battle of Actium (ak*shee*uhm) in 31 B.C. • The couple fled to Egypt and killed themselves a year later as Octavian closed in on them.

  17. Who Was Augustus? • Now in charge, Octavian knew many people favored a republican form of government, which he restored in 27 B.C. • Although he gave some power to the Senate, he really put himself in charge with his title imperator which translates to “commander in chief.” • Octavian also took the title Augustus, meaning “revered or majestic one.” • This began the Roman Empire.

  18. 3-2-1 Tell me 3 new things you learned Tell me 2 connections you made Tell me one question you still have

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