Efficient Classification of Book-Carrying Bags

2. Grouping bags that carry your books • Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books • Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group • Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them • Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time. • Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)

3. Taxonomy Kingdom • Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books • Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group • Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them • Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time. • Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus) Phylum Class Order Family Genus & species names

4. Chapter 18: Classification

5. You are required to put on clothes each day before coming to school. How do you go about this in the most efficient manner to get you out of the house on time for school each day? • There are 1.9 million different identified species (alive and extinct) • How can we keep all these organisms in order?

6. Classification • is the method of logically grouping organisms based on some common characteristics • Taxonomy • does the actual grouping into the groups called TAXON (p – TAXA) with some kind of biological significance. • Ie. Things that fly, swim, walk, have feathers, etc.

7. How many different terms can you think of for trying to tell someone something is really good? Do these terms have meanings that may confuse someone else? • There is a need for a common term to describe an individual organism so that all people understand when the term is used. • Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne - mid 1700’s) came up with the system ofBinomial Nomenclature. • Every species has the same scientific name regardless of native language

8. Carolus Linnaeus • He assigned two Latin names to each different species of organisms. • This is their Scientific name. • Homo sapiens (human) Homo sapiens Ursus maritimus (polar bear) Ursus maritimus Acer rubrum (red maple) Ursus arctos (grizzly bear)

9. Cur Latin? • Scientific names will always be in Latin. • Latin is a dead language that will not evolve unlike other languages. • Little chance of change through time. • Universally understood in the science community

10. The Taxonomic order: • From the largest, most inclusive group to the smallest, most exclusive, specific taxa. Taxa Human Grizzly Chimp Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Primate Carnivora Primate Family Hominoidae Ursidae Hominoidae Genus Homo Ursus Pan Species sapiens arctos troglodyte Which two organisms are more closely related and why?

11. Modern methods of classification rely on evolutionary relationships (phylogenies) in place of homologous structures. • Birds, bats and insects should not be classified together because they all have wings and fly.

12. Evolutionary classification classifies organisms in taxa based on lines of common descent, not physical similarities • Uses proteins, DNA and genes to determine classification and relatedness • Human Genome project that decoded our DNA helped to show evolutionary relationships with other species, even totally unrelated species. Think back to your Amino Acid lab • The more closely related organisms are, the more Amino acids they will have in common and the more recently they evolved from some kind of common ancestry.

13. Kingdoms and Domains • 1700’s – Plants and Animals only • 1800’s – Protists, Plants and Animals • 1950’s – 5 Kingdom system, including Fungus and Monera • Now – 6 Kingdoms divided into 3 Domains

14. Domains: • Bacteria – Unicellular, prokaryotic (no nuclear membrane) with cell walls made up of peptidoglycan. • Kingdoms: Eubacteria – true bacteria. “Normal “ bacteria • Archaea – Unicellular, prokaryotic but do not have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. These are primitive organisms that could withstand very harsh environments and a lack of oxygen. • Kingdom: Archaebacteria – methanogens in the digestive tract of animals and halophiles that live in the Dead Sea.

15. 3. Eukarya – Eukaryotic organisms. May be uni or multi cellular. All have nuclear membranes • Kingdom: Protista – basically unicellular. Have plant-like, animal – like or fungus- like representatives. • ***Most difficult kingdom to classify. No clear cut boundaries. Ie.Amoeba, paramecium, slime mold, Volvox • Kingdom Fungi – Absorptive heterotrophs, basically multicellular organisms with cell walls made up of chitin. Ie. Yeast, mushroom, molds • Kingdom Plantae – Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms. All are autotrophic. Nonmotile with cell walls containing cellulose. Ie. Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants and some algae. • Kingdom Animalia – Multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs. All lack cell walls. Motile for some time in their life cycle. Ie. Sponges, jelly fish, worms, insects, octopus, fish, birds, amphibians reptiles, you

16. The New and Improved Six Kingdom System Domain - Eukarya

17. Dichotomous Key Is a method for determining the identity of something by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the organism. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts". At each step of the process of using the key, the user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the item is identified

18. 1a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton…..... Go to 2 b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …Go to 3 2a. Body has a round shape………….......Ladybug b. Body has an elongated shape.......Grasshopper 3a. Wings fold against body......................Housefly b. Wings point out from sides……..…….Dragonfly

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