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Electronic Combat

Electronic Combat. Objectives. Outline the electronic combat mission of ES, EA, and EP. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ES and EA List methods of soft and hard-kill types of EA and their principle targets. Explain burnthrough and lookthrough

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Electronic Combat

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  1. Electronic Combat

  2. Objectives • Outline the electronic combat mission of ES, EA, and EP. • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ES and EA • List methods of soft and hard-kill types of EA and their principle targets. • Explain burnthrough and lookthrough • Distinguish between soft kill and hard kill EA methods and list the methods • Describe the jamming techniques of spot, barrage, swept spot and deceptive jamming. • List methods of EP

  3. Three Components of EC • Electronic Support (ES) • Electronic Attack (EA) • Electronic Protection (EP)

  4. Electronic Support (ES) • Passive surveillance of EM spectrum • Platform examples: EA-6B, SSES (Ships Signal Exploitation Space), Satellites • Tactical surveillance of enemy’s position • Strength • Intention • Warning of targeting/homing • Advantages & limitations of passive ES • Covert • Passive detection typically well beyond active detection • Difficult to determine range passively • Susceptible to OpDec

  5. Electronic Support (ES), cont • Platform examples: EA-6B, EP-3, RC-135, Satellites, UAVs • Strategic surveillance (Intel) for threat recognition & avoidance, EA techniques and warnings • Signals Intelligence (SIGINT ) • Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) - info derived from emissions other than comm (emphasis on radar) • Communications Intelligence (COMINT) - info derived from communications

  6. ES System Design Requirements • Wide RF spectrum • Wide dynamic range (controllable sensitivity) • High Selectivity (narrow bandpass) • Multiple channels for Angle-of-Arrival measurement (DF) • Graphical displays (operator interface) • Recording capability • Most common type of Receiver Superheterodyne

  7. Electronic Attack (EA) • “…to deny an enemy’s use of the EM spectrum.” • Use active EM jamming (soft-kill) • Noise Jamming • False Target Jamming • Deception Jamming • Expendables • Use EM guided weapons (hard-kill) • Home-On-Emitter (HARM) • Home-On-Jam • Advantages & limitations of active EW • Neutralize victim radar as an effective sensor • Slow weapons engagement timelines • Overt • Temporary effect

  8. EA – Noise Jamming • Unsophisticated technique, employed against all type radars • Transmission of “electronic” noise • Jammer transmits CW • Noise signal competes with radar return for Smin • Mask valid radar returns by saturating receiver with noise • clutters radar display

  9. Noise Jamming Techniques Spot Swept Spot Barrage

  10. Jamming Graphic – Spot, All lobes Jamming entering thru mainbeam, sidelobes, and backlobe Complete receiver saturation

  11. Spot vs Barrage Jamming Rcvr BW Power Spot Jamming Barrage Jamming Frequency Jammer power output remains constant Jamming effectiveness is function of jammer signal BW (J/S)

  12. EA – False Target Jamming • Principle victims are Search radars • Radar receiver responds to synthesized RF pulses • Jamming signal mimics radar return • Signal is pulse envelope (PW) • Signal timed to radar Rest Time • Projects multiple false range returns on display

  13. False Target Jamming

  14. EA – Deception Jamming • Principle victims are Fire Control radars • Radar receiver responds to timing of synthesized RF pulses • Jamming signal needs to mimic radar return • Signal captures gate (range or velocity) by transmitting marginally stronger return • Signal progressively delayed to produce gate error

  15. Signal Burnthrough Effective jamming strength PW Rcvd Signal Amp Radar Return PRT Insufficient jamming strength Time As radar range decreases, the power of the target return becomes stronger than the power of the jamming signal

  16. Lookthrough • Jamming attacks victim radar receiver and your ES receiver • To maintain “situational awareness”, the jamming is interrupted periodically • Has the target changed RF ? • Has the target changed operating modes ? • Has the target shut-down ?

  17. Electronic Attack Expendables • Chaff is a radar countermeasure • Aluminum coated fiberglass filaments released into atmosphere to produce larger RCS than target • Flare is IR a countermeasure • Alternate [chemical] IR source to mimic target signature but higher power • Decoys are transmitters that use deception techniques, usually against radar.

  18. AN/SLQ-49 Chaff Buoy Decoy System RUBBER DUCKS

  19. Aircraft Expendables Chaff Flares Transponder

  20. ALE-50 Towed Decoy

  21. TALDTactical Air Launched Decoy Radar Decoy

  22. EA – Hard Kill Weapons • AGM-88 HARM – High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile • Principle target Fire Control radars • Uses compact receiver to passively detect and classify radars • Missile homes in on victim radar • Fragmentation warhead obliterates antenna

  23. Electronic Protection (EP) • Protecting friendly combat capabilities against the undesirable effects of enemy Electronic Attack • By considering our radar’s • Operating parameters • Signal processing techniques • Design philosophy

  24. EP – Radar Parameters • Focused on the transmitter part of radar • Power (more is better) • Frequency (multi-RF or agility) • PW (Pulse Compression enable) • Difficult to alter/enhance parameters from original design

  25. EP – Signal Processing • Focused on the receiver part of radar • By contrast, easy to incorporate post-detection receiver processing • Literally > 100 anti-jam “fixes” for EP • Doppler receivers (filters out jamming) • Automatic Gain Control circuits (minimizes effects of jamming) • Computer controlled synthetic video • The absence of jamming does not mean No Jamming

  26. EP – Design Philosophy • Make the operating parameters unpredictable • RF diversity, hopping, spread spectrum • Multi-modes • Antenna Design (suppress side & back lobes) • Scan Pattern (random like Phased Array) • Emission Control (EMCON) • Does not mean RF silence • Example: varying P-3 radar power-out to reduced signature and limit enemy sub’s awareness

  27. PRF Jitter Electronic Protect (EP) Countermeasure PRF 1 PRF 2 PRF 3 True target range is present with each PRF, just not apparent. PRF JITTER

  28. Objectives • Outline the electronic combat mission of ES, EA, and EP. • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ES and EA • List methods of soft and hard-kill types of EA and their principle targets. • Explain burnthrough and lookthrough • Distinguish between soft kill and hard kill EA methods and list the methods • Describe the jamming techniques of spot, barrage, swept spot and deceptive jamming. • List methods of EP

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