Internet

1. Internet Gerard Sylvester KMS, ICRISAT a.sylvester@cgiar.org

2. Talk Flow! • Introduction to the Internet • Brief history • Explaining basic protocols • Naming on the net • HTML • Using search engines • Questions

3. What is the Internet? • A Network of Computer Networks • Started as early as the 1960s • Built to work even if a large part of the network fails • Intranet is not the same as Internet • Decentralized Client – Server model • Supported by various gateways and high speed backbone connections.

4. T3 Backbone Network Network T3 Backbone Internet T3 Backbone Internet Internet

5. World Wide Web? • A part of the Internet • www1, www2 etc., • Based on hypertext and hypertext transfer protocol (HTML & HTTP) • Supports multiple media - Multimedia • Interactive, dynamic HTML

6. Who owns the Internet? • The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) oversees registrations. • InterNIC—central service to reserve domain names (lots of issues arising with “cyberquatting…” • Whois – domain name lookup

7. Brief History of the Internet • 1960s - Department of Defense initiative ARPANET • 1973 - ARPA launches the Internetting Project to explore the possibilities of linking networks • 1980 – First Virus halts the Internet • 1984 – DNS Introduced (Names rather than numbers) • 1999 – Internet Banking

8. Internet Milestones • 1975 - Robert Kahn & Vinton Cerf – TCP/IP • 1991 : Hypertext browsing software is proposed by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. • 1993 : Mosaic, the first navigation browser to make use of graphics and a point-and-click interface, is developed by Marc Andreessen. • 2004 - IPv6 protocol standard

9. Services through the net • Major services: • Email – Electronic Mail • FTP – File Transfer Protocol • Gopher • Newsgroups • Telnet – Remote session • WAIS – Wide Area Information System • WWW – World Wide Web

10. How to read an URL • http://www.blast.ncbl.org/sequence/virtual.htm http = the protocol www = the host computer or server name blast = third level domain ncbl = second level domain org = top level domain sequence = directory name virtual = file name htm = file type / extension

11. Getting a Domain Name? • Top Domains: • edu – Educational Institutions • com – Company / Commercial Organizations • org – Non-profit Organizations • net – Network, network of sites • mil – Military Installations • gov – Government sites • Sub Domains: • in - India • jp - Japan • uk – United Kingdom

12. Identifying a PC on the Internet • IP Number • 220.226.64.35 • 10.15.3.20 (Intranet, Local IP) • To find your IP number on Windows • Execute ipconfig on your command prompt – XP • winipcgf - 98

13. Bandwidth • Speed of data transfer through the network • Access through: • 28.8 bps (bits per second) modem • 56.6 modem • ISDN • T1/T3 – High speed • Cable • DSL

14. Hypertext • Hypertext, a method of preparing text that allows readers to choose their own pathways through the material, is invented by Ted Nelson. • The underlined word represents a hyperlink that lets the reader click and jump to a new page. • Provides interactive browsing

15. Creating Web Documents • Editors: • WYSIWYG • Frontpage, Dreamweaver or N-Vu • Text • Notepad • Word processors • MS - Word

16. Browsers and Specifications • Browser software allows us to view, hear, retrieve information created for the web • Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Lynx • For design, you must check pages in both browsers, with different versions

17. Bioinformatics Resources • Databases • www.ebi.ac.uk – EMBL/EBI • www.rcsb.org/pdb -PDB • www.wwpdb.org - Worldwide Protein Data Bank • Genome Browsers • www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview - NCBI Map Viewer • www.bdgp.org/annot/apollo - Apollo Genome Browser • http://maine.ebi.ac.uk:8000/services/cogent - Genome Tracking Database

18. Bioinformatics on the Internet • Bioinformatics Projects •   www.gg.caltech.edu/hbp - Human Brain Project • www.geneontology.org – Gene Ontology Consortium • http://tolweb.org/tree - Tree of Life Project