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Researching the Literature

This outline provides an overview of the research process, including distinguishing between research and review articles, creating a search strategy based on the PICO framework, using PubMed for information search, and identifying citation elements for formatting citations.

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Researching the Literature

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  1. Researching the Literature

  2. Outline • Scholarly literature and the research process • Activity • Research Article vs Review Article • Search Tool • Activity • Develop a search - PICO • Hands-on with Pubmed • Citing

  3. Learning Outcomes • You will be able to: • Distinguish between research and review articles • Create a search strategy based on the PICO framework • Search for information using Pubmed • Identify citation elements in order to format citations

  4. The Scientific Method • Question • Research • Hypothesis • Experiment • Conclusion • Report

  5. Scientific Information Timeline

  6. Scientific Information Timeline

  7. Peer-review Process

  8. Peer-review Process • A panel of experts in a field evaluate an article’s quality, validity, and relevance in its field • An article can be • Accepted • Require revisions • Rejected • Manuscript submissions and decisions

  9. IMRaD Format

  10. IMRaD Format • Usually involves several consistent sections: • Introduction - outlining the purpose of the research, including a short summary of past research in the area • Methods - explaining the experimental procedure • Results - relaying and analyzing the experimental data • Discussion - explaining trends found in analysis, potential sources of error, and further directions in the area • Theoretical and modelling papers may not have these sections

  11. PubMed

  12. Activity 1 – PubMed Interface Research vs Review • Working in pairs, discuss and decide whether each article is a research or review article (10min) • List of articles in Pubmed http://tinyurl.com/pubmedlist • We will discuss as a group (10min)

  13. Reading strategies • What is the best section of an article to read first?

  14. Reading strategies Novice Expert Title Abstract Results –table/graphs Discussion/Conclusion References Introduction Methods • Title • Abstract • Discussion/Conclusion • Introduction • Results • References • Methods

  15. Search – an iterative process • Write your topic out as a sentence or question • Identify the main ideas (concepts) • Think of synonyms for each concept (search terms) • Use the search terms to build a search strategy • Find and evaluate the results • Repeat the search with new search terms that you discover

  16. Identifying the Concepts - PICO • PICO – framework to help create a search • Population/Patient • Intervention/Issue • Comparison • Outcome

  17. PICO Population/Patient Intervention/Issue/Action Treatment Program • Age • Disease • Sex • Race Outcome Comparison • No treatment • Different treatment/program • Mortality • Symptoms improvement • Prevention • Uptake

  18. Question • Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth?

  19. Question • Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? • P • I • C • O

  20. Question • Does e-cigarette advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? • P - youth • I • C • O

  21. Question • Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? • P - youth • I - advertising e-cigarettes • C • O

  22. Question • Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? • P - youth • I - advertising e-cigarettes • C - no advertising • O

  23. Question • Does e-cigaretted advertising increase smoking up-take in youth? • P - youth • I - advertising e-cigarettes • C - no advertising • O - start smoking

  24. Synonyms

  25. Synonyms

  26. Search Tips • Phrase searching • Quotations - “electronic cigarettes” • Truncation • Asterisk (sometimes other symbol) – teen* • Boolean operators • AND • Many databases don’t need AND, it is assumed • The more terms you AND together, the fewer results you find • OR • Used to combine synonyms • The more terms you OR together, the more results you find • Use brackets when using synonyms with OR

  27. Synonyms with Boolean Operators AND AND AND AND OR OR OR OR

  28. Synonyms with Truncation AND AND AND AND OR OR

  29. Synonyms with Phrase Searching AND AND AND AND OR OR

  30. Search String (Youth OR adolescent OR teen*) AND (e-cigarette* OR “electronic cigarettes”) AND (advertising) AND (smok*)

  31. Activity 2 – PICO Questions • Do fall prevention programs help prevent seniors from falling? • Which is more effective at preventing nausea in cancer patients: ondansetron or granisetron? • How is the gene Nlrp1b connected with diabetes?

  32. Activity 3 - PubMed Searching • PubMed • Go to the library homepage • Go to the database link underneath the large search box • Click on the letter P • Scroll to the bottom of the page, select Pubmed from the list • What is the relationship between food security and obesity?

  33. Citation in the Sciences Why Cite ?

  34. Citation “If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulder of giants” Isaac Newton

  35. Citation Element Example PMID: 25421063

  36. Library Workshop Assignment • Research Question: Does vaccination during pregnancy reduce the incidence of whooping cough? • Identify the PICO terms in the above question • Provide the MeSH URL for each of the your PICOs • Find two sources that answer the above question • One research article (primary) from the last 5 years • One review article (secondary) from the last 10 years • Write out the citation elements for each of the articles • Write a reflection on identifying and evaluating the articles • Write a reflection on searching for the articles https://library.carleton.ca/research/course-guides/hlth2001

  37. Library Research Help HELP Health Subject Guide HLTH2001 Course Guide QUESTIONS? Visit the library Call Research Help Desk 613-520-2600 x2735 Email heather.macdonald@carleton.ca

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