U.S. History: Fall Semester Review

1. U.S. History: Fall Semester Review • 140 Vocabulary words that you MUST be familiar with for the Final Exam. • Each word has not only a definition but a relationship to one or more of the other vocabulary words. (a piece of the puzzle) • It is up to you to know how they all fit together. (a giant puzzle) • Once you know the big picture, you can see where the details connect.

2. Virginia Company • Joint business venture during colonial times • First successful European settlers of America • Came over here looking for gold • Started Jamestown • John Smithwas the leader • First non-religious colony in America • King James signed the charter • Cultivated tobacco

3. House of Burgesses • First European-style legislative assembly in the colonies • Some members were appointed and others were elected • Oversee the Virginia colony • Similar to England’s parliament

4. Powhatan • Native American Chief from eastern Virginia • Attacked the settlers of the Virginia company • Provided food for the colonists of Jamestown • Daughter was Pocahontas

5. Bacon’s Rebellion • Landless rebels wanted harsher action against the Native Americans • Led by Nathaniel Bacon • They opposed Governor Berkley • Showed poor farmer’s displeasure with not having the support of the government • Resulted in a law stating that poor whites could no longer side with slaves against rich white colonists

6. Massachusetts Settlement • Settled by Puritans who wanted religious freedom • Did not want ties to Catholicism and were not tolerant of other religions • Boston was the capital • John Winthrop • “City upon a hill” • Known as the Pilgrims • Government was dominated by Puritan religious beliefs

7. Rhode Island Settlement • Dissenters (people who did not agree) from Massachusetts • Established by Roger Williams • Tolerant of other religions • Lived in peace with the Native Americans • Banished from Massachusetts, Anne Hutchinson fled here with her 17 children

8. Half-Way Covenant • Allowed partial church membership for children and grandchildren of Puritans • Get more people to join Church because of a lack of personal relationship with God • Caused by more and more children being brought up outside the Church • Encouraged by Puritan ministers • Resulted from the Church’s need for more money

9. King Philip’s War • Conflict between English colonists and Native Americans • Native American leader was Metacom (he died) • King Philip was a Native American Chief (Same as above) • End of Native American presence in New England • 1675-1676 • Result of Native Americans being forced to live by Puritan Law

10. Salem Witch Trials • Over dramatic white people • Widespread hysteria • 24 people were killed, 29 were convicted • Mostly women were accused of witchcraft, 150 total • Caused by • Lack of opportunities for women • Extreme religious faith • Stress between natives and colonists

11. Mid-Atlantic Colonies • Territory between Virginia and New England • Founded by the religiously tolerant Quakers (Pennsylvania) • New Amsterdam was settled by the Dutch first

12. Pennsylvania • Founded by William Penn • Quakers who wanted peace and religious tolerance • Penn’s Holy Experiment • Lived in peace with the Native Americans

13. New Amsterdam (New York) • Founded by the Dutch • Very diverse population taken over by the British • Founded in 1625 by Dutch settlers, British take over in 1664 • British invited the Dutch to stay when they took over

14. Quebec • French speaking territory • Fur trade • Established in 1608 • French were spreading Catholicism • British were Spreading Protestantism • First permanent French Settlement

15. Mercantilism • Nations collect gold and silver • British economic policy of the colonial era • More exports, less imports • Ultimate goal self sufficiency

16. Trans-Atlantic Trade • Trade from the colonies across the Atlantic and back • Under mercantilism, the British wanted to control this trade • Triangular Trade • 1-finished goods from GB to Africa • 2-slaves from Africa to colonies • 3-raw materials from colonies to GB

17. Middle Passage • Trade route from Africa to the colonies • Second part of the three way voyage (triangular trade) • Slaves were brought from Africa to America • Very poor conditions for Africans • 2 of 10 died along the journey • 2nd leg of trans-Atlantic trade

18. African American Culture • Music, dance, story-telling, and basket weaving • High diversity because of different origins in Africa • Very spiritual • Followed traditions of their homelands • Multiple languages were spoken • Stories were passed on orally from generation to generation

19. Benjamin Franklin • Declaration of Independence • Inspired by John Locke • Founding father • Believed in individualism and social mobility • Believed in obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoning • Bifocals • Proved lightening was a form of electrical power

20. Individualism • Seeking ways to improve one’s own status • New way of thinking for the colonists • Making your own choices • Free thought • Values the Protestant Work Ethic

21. Social Mobility • Changing classes in society • Ability to move up in society based on hard work • The foundation of the American Dream • Outlined the capitalistic economy

22. The Great Awakening • Revival of religious feeling in American colonies during the 1730’s • Preachers began to travel around • Jonathan Edwards • Colonists, Native Americans, and African Americans all became a part of one church • Brought many colonists into organized Christian churches for the first time • Pre-destiny was taught

23. French and Indian War • French and Native Americans were on the same side • British won and gained new territory • British and colonists fought beside each other • Some Native American tribes also sided with the British towards the end • Conflict over land • 1756-1763 • Caused by tensions over claims to colonies • First time George Washington led a military group

24. 1763 Treaty of Paris • Ended the French and Indian War • France surrendered Canada to Great Britain • France gave up all land east of the Mississippi except for New Orleans • Led to the Proclamation of 1763 • Caused tension between the British and their colonies because GB gained control of all colonies…NO MORE CHARTER COLONIES!!!

25. Proclamation of 1763 • No settling west of the Appalachian Mountains • Attempt to limit conflict between colonists and Native Americans • Americans did not like this • Settled west anyway • Angered the colonists • First of a series of Acts and Proclamations that eventually lead to the Revolution

26. Stamp Act • Stamp on all paper goods • First of direct taxes imposed on the colonists by the British • Led to creation of the Sons/Daughters of Liberty • Caused emergence of rebellious attitude towards Great Britain • Established tax collectors • Happened because of uprising at the custom’s house • Replaced by the Declaratory Act

27. Intolerable Acts • Punishment for the Boston Tea Party • Closed off Boston Harbor • Martial Law and Quartering Act • Led to the First Continental Congress • 1774

28. Sons of Liberty • Attempted to stop the distribution of stamped paper after the Stamp Act • Established by Samuel Adams • Eventually turned to violence to protest • Led the efforts in the Boston Tea Party

29. Daughters of Liberty • Joined the sons of liberty in British opposition • Made their own clothes to boycott British Imports • Refused to buy tea and other British Imports • Openly protested the sale of British goods

30. Committees of Correspondence • First secret meeting between colonies • Established colonial militia to resist the Intolerable Acts • Carried out the First Continental Congress • Established the use of minutemen to resist British colonial rule

31. Thomas Paine • Wrote Common Sense • Supported Independence • Created a sense of unity among the colonists in their efforts against the British • Patriot philosopher • Did not like the way Britain (“the Mother Country”) treated its child (the colonies)

32. Common Sense • Written by Thomas Paine • Said that Great Britain was too far away to rule the colonies effectively • 1776

33. Declaration of Independence • July 4, 1776 • Written by Thomas Jefferson • Outlined what we had done to try and alleviate conflict with Great Britain • Based on the ideas of John Locke and Charles de Montesquieu • Unalienable rights • Changed the war from a civil war to a revolutionary war • Established America as a separate country • Presented the idea that all men are created equal

34. John Locke • Natural rights of man • Life, liberty, and property • English philosopher • Helped South Carolina write their State Constitution • Influenced the Declaration of Independence • Ideas spread during the Enlightenment

35. Charles de Montesquieu • French political thinker • French army general • Wanted equal rights • Influenced the Declaration of Independence • Wrote the Declaration of French Independence

36. General George Washington • Led troops across the Delaware River to a surprise attack on Trenton and victory • Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army • Reorganized the army • Signed the Declaration of Independence • First military conquest was in the French and Indian War and he failed

37. Crossing the Delaware • Christmas Eve surprise attack • German Hessians were attacked by Washington and his troops • First big win for the Americans • Inspired by Thomas Paine’s The Crisis • The conditions were very harsh • This siege changed the course of the war • The win against Great Britain inspired the French to support the Americans

38. Valley Forge • George Washington conducted a training camp for troops despite harsh conditions • Most difficult time during the war effort, many died • Lacking supplies and morale • Pennsylvania • Low point for General Washington’s troops • Sickness and death were common

39. Marquis de Lafayette • General during the Revolution for American troops • Came up with the plan that made the Americans win at Yorktown • Trained American troops • Won the Battle against Cornwallis • French commander of American troops • Inspired to come to America by Benjamin Franklin who was serving as ambassador to France at the time

40. General Charles Cornwallis • British general during the Revolutionary War • Surrendered at Yorktown • Established forts across the state of South Carolina and had much success in the south • Aided by African Americans who had escaped from Patriot slave owners

41. Battle of Yorktown • Cornwallis surrendered here • Ended the American Revolution • French naval force defeated a British fleet • Blocked the entrance to Chesapeake bay • British could not be rescued by sea • Virginia

42. 1783 Treaty of Paris • Ended the Revolutionary War • US gained control of all land east of the Mississippi • Signed in Versailles in September • Between the United States, Great Britain, France, and Spain • Confirmed US independence • Set the boundaries of the new nation • Did not protect the land interests of the Native Americans

43. Articles of Confederation • Outlined the 1st form of government for the United States after the Revolutionary war • Did not work, was weak, gave the central government NO power • States had all the power • Revised after Shay’s Rebellion • No executive branch • Did not have a strong judicial branch • Started the debate between a strong central government and strong state governments • 1787 • Gave the national government the power to declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, standards for coins

44. U.S. Constitution • The supreme law of the land for the United States • Supported by the Federalists • Reiterated the natural rights of man • Outlines the rules of the Government • Established a Supreme Court • 1789 • Established a bicameral legislature • Included separation of powers and a system of checks and balances • Congress established lower courts

45. Shay’s Rebellion • Uprising of debt ridden Massachusetts farmers • Attempt to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts • Led by Daniel Shay • Proved the weakness of the Articles of Confederation • Convinced 12 states to send delegates to the Philadelphia convention

46. Great Compromise • Two house national legislature • BICAMERAL • Small states and large states compromised on the issue of representation • Established Senate and House of Representatives • Connecticut Compromise / Virginia Compromise • Suggested by Roger Sherman • Equal representation in Senate and population determined representation in House of Reps.

47. Slavery • Owning African American people • Population and representation issue • Led to the 3/5’s compromise • South supported slaves counted as population • Dealt with runaway slaves issue at Constitutional Convention • Underground railroad • Harriet Tubman, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe • Constitution said slave trade would end in 20 years

48. Separation of Powers • Dividing the government into local, state, and federal levels • Weakened the power of the Central/Federal Government • Assigned certain powers to each level of government • Was established by the Constitution and allowed for broad interpretation

49. Limited Government • Supported by anti-federalists • Reassured people that the government would not be like a monarchy • Bill of Rights • Outlined in the 9th and 10th amendments to the constitution • Ensured a free market economy

50. Executive Branch • President • Enforce/carry out the laws • Veto power, checked by judicial and legislative branches • George Washington established the tradition of a cabinet • Loosely interpreted by each president • Decide their own powers